Twelfth Night

Twelfth Night is a light-hearted comedy written by William Shakespeare between 1598 and 1601. Even though this play is a comedy, it also has pain in its content which is mostly inflicted on the three main characters, Viola. The pain they experience is mostly caused by the lack of self-knowledge they have about themselves or others, and by unrequited love. This pain makes Twelfth Night the play it is. Orsino experiences pain throughout Twelfth Night. â€Å"Even so in a minute! So full of shapes is fancy. That it alone is high fantastical. † Here Orsino pours out his hearts pain because of his infatuation love which is unrequited. He states that love is just in the imagination and it’s nothing more than fantastical, in these words pain can be felt and it easily to empathize with. Orsino has caused his pain upon himself as he doesn’t have enough self-knowledge to realize his love for Olivia is infatuation. Olivia’s requited love for Cesario ensures her pain in Twelfth Night. Olivia’s love is true but it is aimed at the wrong person as Cesario is under disguise therefore her love for him will always remain one-sided. Olivia says in the play â€Å"I would you were as I would have you be. † Olivia tries to make Cesario see that she wishes he loves her despite of his countless refusals towards her love, this causes Olivia hurt as she doesn’t clearly understand why Cesario doesn’t want her as she doesn’t lack wealth, status or looks. Viola or Cesario lacks self-knowledge of others, in specific mostly with Orsino. She doesn’t seem to observe that Orsino’s love is artificial. â€Å"I’ll do my best to woo your lady. Yet, a barful strife! Whoe’er I woo, myself would be his wife. † Viola gets her heart wounded and full of pain when she has to woo on her masters behalf. She secretly loves him therefore wooing a woman for him will cause pain and hurt upon any female. Viola also causes pain upon Olivia and in the process hurts herself, her pain is shown when she says â€Å"Poor lady, she were better to love a dream. Disguise, I see thou art a wickedness. Viola isn’t blaming her disguise for the pain she is bringing upon herself and others; she is acknowledging that she has chosen this path for herself. In conclusion, although Twelfth Night is a comedy, it has a fair amount of pain inflicted into the plot. Through this discussion, it has come to attention that a lot of pain could’ve been avoided if the characters had more self-knowledge about themselve s and others, but if they did, there wouldn’t have been a Twelfth Night with suspense and a climax. Twelfth Night Twelfth Night is a comedy and a marvel. This play conveys many messages that are seen by the audience, but not seen by the characters in the play. There are many points involving love, friendship, conflicts and confusion. Twelfth Night displays characters that are mad, in love, and desperate for love. Twelfth Night has many conflicts that occur because characters fail to listen to messages. Viola is a character who has just thought that her brother has died in a shipwreck that they were both in. Viola disguises herself as a man to seek employment under the Duke Orsino’s court. The confusion occurs, when Viola tells Orsino that she loves someone (Orsino), when she tells Olivia that she cannot love a woman, and when Viola reveals some true facts about her identity to other characters, such as Feste the fool. Confusion is always occurring in Twelfth Night, and characters are too blinded by love to see the truth behind everything. Viola speaks to Orsino as a servant, and explains her past, her family, and her love, even though she is disguised as a man. She speaks to Orsino in a secretive manner, not to give away her true identity and feelings towards the Duke. I am all the daughters of my father’s house, and all the brothers, too – and yet I know not. † (II. VI. 130-135) Viola reveals that she is a different person inside, and that she is both brother and daughter, meaning that even though her appearance is that of a man, she is truly a female. Viola also explains her love many times to Orsino, but in a way that he does not understand. Orsino does not realize that Viola/Cesario is a woman. Viola expresses her love for the Duke to Olivia as well. [Olivia] â€Å"Where lies your text? [Viola] In Orsino’s bosom. Olivia] In his bosom? In what chapter of his bosom? [Viola] To answer by the method, in this first of his heart. † (I. V. 220-225) Viola tells Olivia that she loves Orsino, and is in his heart, but Olivia, thinking that Viola is a male, does not listen to her true message. Viola keeps her true identity very secret, but also lets other people think about her inner person, as she reveals some facts about herself. She also speaks in a different manner than most men around her, which makes her a bit different. She does not like to fight, and does not act like a drunk. Viola/Cesario also speaks to Olivia about not loving a woman. Viola admits to Olivia that she is someone who cannot, and will not love another woman. Olivia, having fallen in love with Cesario/Viola, is blinded by love and does listen to Viola’s important words. As Viola tries to tell Olivia that she cannot love her, Olivia just falls even more in love, which creates much more confusion between them. Viola, being annoyed with Olivia’s stubborn character, says something that snaps Olivia out of her dream world. â€Å"Then think you right. I am not what I am. (III. I. 145-150) Viola hints to Olivia, as she did to Orsino, that she is different from her actual appearance. These characters, such as Olivia and Orsino, have gotten so caught up in their love, and search for love that they have caused confusion for all. Olivia’s and Orsino’s behaviour affects them personally. Olivia tries to convince Cesario/Viola to love her, but Viola, being intelligent, replies to Olivia. â€Å"I pity you. † (III. I. 125-130) Viola explains her pity for Olivia, because she sees, how desperate Olivia is for love. No man would have responded this way to a lady such as Olivia, which shows some more of Viola’s true personality and character. Viola has told Olivia her true feelings towards her, and partially reveals that she is not really a man, which creates a twist for Olivia’s point of view. Still, Olivia being blinded by love, and desperate for a man, does not interpret Viola’s message. Viola attempts to speak with Feste the fool, but even he does not fully understand her secret. Nor does he understand who is in love with whom. Feste the fool is a wise clown, who has perfected his profession, yet does not realize when Viola /Cesario is trying to tell him something about her true character. The fool is also blinded by trickery and his own personality. Viola, whom everyone thinks to be Cesario – a servant for Orsino – is slowly unveiling her true personality and secret. No one seems to listen to her, thus causing many misunderstandings, odd occurring, and mysterious acts between the characters. [Fool] â€Å"Now Jove, in his next commodity of hair, send thee a beard! Viola] By my troth I’ll tell thee, I am almost sick for one, ‘aside’ though I would not have it grown on my chin. –† (III. I. 45-50) Viola tells Feste that she would not like a beard, but the truth is that she cannot grow one. As Sebastian enters the next scene, and becomes a more involved character, he is important because his sister Viola looks very much like him. They are twins, so as other characters see them, their confusion rises, and more conflicts occur. Feste the fool does not realize who is who, when he is speaking to Viola/Cesario or Sebastian. Sebastian] â€Å"Go to, go to, thou art a foolish fellow. Let me be free of thee. [Fool] Well held out, i’ faith. No, I do not know you, nor am I not sent to you by my lady to bid you come speak with her, nor your name is not Master Cesario, nor this is not my nose neither. Nothing that is so is so. † (IV. I. 5-10) Sebastian urges the fool to go on his way and not to bother him, but the fool, thinking that Sebastian is Master Cesario, tells Sebastian that Lady Olivia wants to speak with him. Sebastian does not know Olivia and is bewildered. In this happening, more and more misunderstanding, uncertainty and disorder is occurring. Characters are blinded by their own needs, and are self centered. They do not listen to Viola as she tries to reveal her identity. She tells Orsino, Olivia and the fool, traits of herself that prove her to be a woman, but they are all dumbfounded. As this play unravels, the characters all find their true mate, or have ended up alone, and Viola gets reunited with her brother who was thought to have been lost in the shipwreck. Twelfth Night is a comedy and a marvellous play that will trick the minds of all.

Students Reflective Analysis Applied Management Project Writing Process Education Essay

In the broadest sense brooding analysis is the study where pupil ‘s contemplations on the AMP ( Applied Management Project ) composing procedure, the pupil ‘s sensed public presentation, outlooks, and lessons learnt can be expressed. This is based on treating the cognition and feelings during and after the completion of the thesis instead than merely merely looking at the past events and recapping everything without supplying any analysis. However, in order to go a brooding scholar the qualities that are basically needed are unfastened mindedness and committedness to alter by recognizing personal prejudice. Contemplation on the work done is a critical accomplishment to be learnt that may be easy applied in future life state of affairss whilst working or transporting out some undertakings. By looking back and critically analyzing the events that took topographic point merely so you can measure your work and place the countries in your personality that demand betterment. Acerate leaf to state that brooding study would be uncomplete without acknowledging the failings and supplying the drawbacks as the experience from the undertaking is non expected to be perfect. Additionally, it has to be mentioned that this brooding analysis study non merely includes personal experiences and the accomplishments learnt from the undertaking but it besides includes lessons that can be applied in the future undertakings. Hence, this indicates that contemplation is the nucleus of a womb-to-tomb acquisition procedure as merely by analyzing the experiences we can larn from them.Remembrance of ExperiencesThe experiences from this undertaking can be easy compared to the rollercoaster with the outlooks, the temper every bit good as enthusiasm invariably traveling up and down. To get down with, the aggregation the subjects itself was the experience that did non go forth me apathetic. This was preceded with the expectancy and the anxiousness that the subject of our group would be interesting ne'er minding the fact that it might be hard one. The outlook was to acquire interesting subject. The rubric of the subject received was ‘The Feasibility of Selling to the World ‘s Poor by the Multinational Organizations as a Means of Poverty Alleviation ‘ and it was met with the content from the group members intending that it is a good, interesting and really relevant subject to the group members as some of them come from hapless African or Asiatic states. However, my primary ideas about the subject were non every bit positive as I would hold imagined they would be. However, the following twenty-four hours was spent reading the given articles and brainstorming as it was suggested by the coachs and it proved to be of great value. This enlightened me as I started to understand more about the subject and the demands of the undertaking. This enabled me to try to place the possible purposes and aims of such subject that could be set to be achieved in AMP undertaking. Additionally, in order to keep the records of the events and for better, more in-depth contemplation maintaining the notes of specific occurrences, experiences or thoughts that came into my head allowed me to look at them subsequently with the different position and to critically measure in order to understand what I have learnt from those experiences. This suggestion by the lectors to maintain notes proved to be really helpful in order to reflect on the experiences and learn from them. Apart from maintaining the journal of the events for the brooding analysis, separate journal was created for literature reappraisal which was the chief portion of the undertaking. As in my old studies I ne'er used to maintain a journal of different studies, articles, books that are needed in order to compose the study. This was done merely by taking all the relevant stuffs and analyzing them at the same clip instead than maintaining the notes of the beginnings. Due to the enormousness of this AMP undertaking maintaining the journal of mention beginnings was indispensable portion of the literature reappraisal in order to use them expeditiously at the phases of composing the undertaking. Generating separate worksheet and spliting the columns into four parts ( beginning, writer, page, sum-up of information ) allowed me to easy track the beginnings in the literature reappraisal subdivision of the undertaking. It non merely enabled me to be more organized but more significantly it proved to be clip salvaging activity. Another major portion of AMP undertaking that required developing peculiar scheme was creative activity of selling program for selling to the hapless. This seemed to be particularly hard undertaking as there is more literature available about assisting the hapless through assorted assistance organisations instead than selling to the hapless as a mean of poorness relief. This different attack to poverty relief was initiated by the transnational companies merely in recent old ages therefore the handiness of good beginning stuff on this affair was instead scarce. This factor created the feeling of defeat. However, alternatively of seeking to happen published stuffs the determination was made to seek on the web sites of big transnational companies and to seek for the information about poorness relief undertakings that they are set abouting. This enlightenment provided me with legion instance surveies and studies from the web sites straight and suggested the possible market and merchandis e that could do great impact in poorness relief in hapless countries. This is when the important determination about the feasibleness of selling irrigation pumps to the hapless in Africa was made. Having decided on the merchandise that I believed to be of paramount demand in African states I had to happen the state that this merchandise will be sold in. After long hours of research into the most suited market the determination was made to sell irrigation pumps in Uganda where state has adequate rainfall during the twelvemonth and adequate lakes and rivers but the husbandmans are non able to capture and use this H2O in field irrigation, therefore, holding over 32 million of cultivable land laying untapped. This seemed as perfect merchandise for their market in order to spread out the concern and relieve the poorness. Having examined the cardinal phases of the AMP development the following portion of the study provides the feelings and experiences during and after each of these stages with the designation of the lessons learnt.Personal Feelingss and Learning from the ExperienceAs it has already been mentioned AMP experience was ne'er stable during the whole procedure. Personally, I saw this subject as ill-defined and instead hard as I did non cognize a batch about the NGOs or other assistance organisations in poorness relief procedure non even adverting the fact that I would hold to move as a adviser for the transnational company that aspires to sell to the hapless in order to relieve poorness. Not merely I felt confused about the subject but worried every bit good. Thus, after reading legion subjects sing poorness relief the assurance and exhilaration returned to me. However, the exhilaration about the subject diminished as I began to understand the wideness of the subject. However, this experien ce is positive as it demonstrated that in the hereafter the things should be expected with a more realistic attack and taken more carefully. The undertakings that ab initio appear either hard or easy may non be as they seem to be one time you start reading relevant stuffs. This foremost required broader reading around the subject country and brainstorming while researching. Merely so it was possible to construct a more realistic attack and cut down the possibility of undertaking failure every bit good as to understate the emphasis degree that was received due to miss of apprehension. After reading legion articles and diaries I learnt how to choose chiefly the beginnings that are relevant. Due to huge handiness of secondary informations ( journal articles, authorities studies, instance surveies, researches, etc. ) on the issues of poorness and poorness relief some of the articles seemed to be relevant judgment from the rubric whilst the information inside the article was non truly relevant to the subject given. Therefore, this needed to develop effectual method of choosing the right articles. After reading several articles I noticed the form of the articles that are relevant and the 1s that are non. The usage of CRAP ( currency, dependability, authorization, intent of the beginning ) trial suggested by the University of Bedfordshire librarian Peter Godwin helped greatly in choosing the right beginnings for the undertaking. Besides the accomplishments mentioned above I distinguished more of them that I learnt while making this undertaking: Self direction and motive. As thesis is unsupervised undertaking unlike the undergraduate thesis this allowed me to larn from this experience the ways to self manage and actuate myself by giving some wagess to myself after each phase of thesis was complete and on clip. Team effectivity. This is indispensable accomplishment that I have learnt as it is the footing of the success in squad work. The ability to work efficaciously within a squad has helped me a batch in seeking to happen solutions to assorted issues and is greatly appreciated by the directors in future employment. This besides showed that the ability to portion the cognition within a squad is invaluable. In add-on to this, I learnt to work efficaciously in a group in a clip constrained state of affairs. Problem work outing. Having faced with assorted jobs during AMP such as clip direction, motive, etc. allowed me to understand how good I can get by in the unplanned state of affairss in the hereafter. Planing and organization/Project direction accomplishments. This is the accomplishment that I acquired in the initial phases of the undertaking and proved to be non merely utile but clip economy every bit good. Always seeing myself as instead organized individual during AMP undertaking I learnt the ways to better these accomplishments ( note pickings, clip direction ) . Furthermore, I learnt how to be specific and efficient by stipulating the country of the survey and puting the boundaries. In this sense, planning and organisation is really valuable lesson for future undertakings. Self analyzing and rating. This is closely connected to self direction and motive as it is the accomplishment which demonstrates how good one can concentrate on the undertaking and work systematically to accomplish set ends. Furthermore, the ability to measure the success in the undertaking is indispensable portion of any undertaking. The country of self contemplation appeared to be rather new to me as I seldom tried to measure my old undertakings These the nucleus accomplishments carry important function in the future undertakings every bit good as employment because the employers look how you adapt the accomplishments that you province you have in different state of affairss. In brief this undertaking taught me: Better clip maintaining pattern. Better note pickings and summarising pattern. Better acquisition and group work pattern. All this gives valuable lesson which will be really utile at ulterior old ages in life while working on some undertaking in the company or merely working with some people that are from different background. Besides prove that sharing the thoughts is valuable.Group Dynamics and Learning from the ExperienceThis experience turned into good acquisition pattern as sharing cognition among the group members provides the ability to analyze the affairs from different position. Then you can reflect on what you where chiefly believing about the subject and what you think now after the group meetings and compare how this cognition has changed. I ever thought that single studies or undertakings have to be done on single footing significance that you merely see composing down merely your personal ideas or thoughts. But by making so I may be disregarding the thoughts of the others as they might believe in wholly different manner and would non accept my thoughts. Therefore, the first phase of AMP un dertaking as being group work has given really valuable lesson. I became more cognizant of the benefits of sharing the thoughts among group members. Given that most of the group members come from different civilizations and different backgrounds it implies that with different degrees of cognition allow the thoughts to be shared and reflected upon from many different positions. Team work was non something wholly unfamiliar to me as we managed to garner really difficult working group members since the first talks of Postgraduate surveies. This has proved to be really dedicated and difficult working group in many occasions when fixing group works. Therefore, without any vacillation the same group was formed for AMP undertaking with the add-on of other 4 member as the groups had to be of formed of 8 people. Even though we still were in our little group of 4 that we have known each other for about a twelvemonth, we were able to broaden our heads with the other group members. This turned out to be even more productive than we thought because all the other 4 members were from Africa, therefore, the issues of poorness were their mundane life back place. In this sense, the determination has been made to concentrate on the states of Africa so that we would be able to hear from the primary beginning the effectivity or non effectivity of assorted assistance organisati ons in African states. In this sense, they were able to portion of import information about the poorness relief in Africa and the methods that work and the 1s that do non. Furthermore, we were able to hold really productive treatments because for most of us the things that we thought were true turned out to be merely superficial imitation of poorness relief and normally enduring for some short term. This enable us to reflect on the thoughts that we ab initio were traveling to discourse in our undertaking and to explicate the purposes and aims in a better manner. In this sense we were able to oppugn the given stuffs better and with the more existent to life position. This is because the research was based simply on the secondary research and we could non travel to Africa transport out the research and see what methods work and what do non so the possibility of holding group members who come from African parts was truly honoring for our group. In add-on to group work group kineticss was non something that we have ne'er encountered before as we had legion undertakings prior to this 1. However, in this group due to it being larger and due to the importance of the undertaking it was possible to detect the behaviors that were non seen before. Some group members felt demotivated, others felt scared of the importance this undertaking was transporting. Therefore, more statements and fluctuations of thoughts could be observed as compared to smaller group that we had before. Hence, some group members thought that it is better to work on their ain and non to listen to the assortment of sentiments. But for me personally group work ever was and ever will be the set where I can larn from the others and I can portion my ideas with the others as good. I seldom relied merely on my personal sentiment when it comes to making undertakings or studies, therefore, I was ever seeking for person that I could portion my thoughts with and to acquir e some different penetration while hearing other individual ‘s sentiment. This is for a really simple ground. If 9 people are stating one thing and one is stating another it is really improbable that those 9 people can be incorrect. Even if there are instances that we had conflicting thoughts group work allows to come up with some sort of solution that is normally suited for everyone. However, to be a successful member of the group is ne'er easy as you have to oppugn yourself invariably whether you contribute sufficiently, whether they see you as a valuable member of the group or whether you gain more from the group work instead than being on your ain. Chapman ( 2006 ) in his surveies states that group work is one of the most of import factors in today ‘s society as this proves to do work more efficient and increases productiveness. This thought is farther elaborated by Brodbeck and Greitemeyer ( 2000 ) proposing that the interaction within the group allows to develop new thoughts every bit good as to critically measure the bing 1s. The possibility to portion the thoughts and complement on each other has ever attracted me as this allows me to larn something new, to rectify myself if my perceptual experiences are incorrect and to portion my cognition with the others. I have ever seen the group work as a better manner to success in comparing to single work. In add-on to this, Forsyth ( 1999 ) supports the thought of group work instead than members working individually.Lessons for Future UndertakingsDespite the fact that I have learnt legion lessons while transporting out the undertaking there are still certain countries that need to be improved and applied in future undertakings or group activities. These can be suggested as followers: Open mindedness to the thoughts and suggestions expressed by the group members. Accept the unfavorable judgment and learn from it. Better clip direction. Improve consciousness of contemplation on the events. These are the activities that I personally found disputing to accept and alter my attitude towards them. Therefore, they are the 1s that I will try to better in future undertakings.DecisionsAs this study suggests the brooding analysis of the events and experiences is the key to life larning procedure as it allows acquiring deeper penetrations into the experiences and bettering on them. This brooding study non merely included the events that took topographic point while set abouting AMP undertaking but it besides revealed the failings of my personality every bit good as provided with some valuable lessons for the future undertakings. The first subdivision of this study presents the assorted phases of AMP whilst other subdivisions provide with the lessons learnt and the personal feelings at every phase of the undertaking. Besides reflecting on my personal experiences this study besides gives the contemplation on group kineticss as group work was one of the initial phases of the underta king. It has been suggested that group work is perceived as more productive attack to work leting to portion the thoughts among other members of the group. Overall, this study suggests that set abouting AMP undertaking was a really practical experience which awarded with legion lessons for the future undertakings.

Organization development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

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'Globalization exacerbates human insecurity in both rich and poor Essay - 1

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Relationship Between Globalization And National Identities Essay

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Netflix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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What is life - Essay Example Link: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_scientific_method.shtml Chemistry involves the study of the chemical compounds that make part of our environs. This is directly linked to biology in that biology engrosses the study of chemicals in living organisms and thus draws the fundamental concepts from chemistry. The study of any living thing within the predispositions of biology involves the study of chemistry. Chemistry also helps in the explanation of the chemicals of life such as the cellular compositions. Chemistry also explains how given parts of the body function and more the digestion of the different foods in the body. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmBmghaw7_E The movement of the micro molecules in the cells involves the force of energy and biochemical reactions of the cells which require energy to occur. These reactions are sped up or slowed down depending on the energy that the cells have acquired from the adjacent environments. The building up and breaking down of the cellular components make part of the cell metabolism process as energy is transferred and used in these processes. The enzymes speed the biochemical reactions of the cells to speed up the metabolism processes to support the cell functions. The chemical reactions convert the substrates into products and this is done by attaching chemical groups or breaking off to divide the chemical groups from the substrates, for instance the process of glycolysis. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjza24Oyalc All organisms are composed of cells which are the basic units of life. The cell structures are the smallest units of life and therefore the units that are smaller than the cell are not alive. Different cell structures perform different functions and in different organisms. Generally the cells are composed of plasma membrane, which separates the cells from the external environment, the

Managing Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Managing Diversity - Essay Example The history of transport in UK can be traced back to over 4000 years ago, when man was using stone tools and making the transition from a nomadic existence, living by hunting and gathering his food, to living in settlements and developing agricultural skills. Although, history of transport is very old, only during the 1930s, a few roads were upgraded to dual carriageways as a means of relieving unemployment but it was the motorway network that started to develop in the early 1960s that were the first major additions to the road network. (Reference: Shropshire Transport) Modern day today, this industry being the 5th largest employment sector in the country and over 2.3 million people being employed, the need to upgrade the employment process and policies and match the same with the other industries has risen. This is more so important to this industry as people of diverse background and cultures have taken this as a means of employment. This is where the organizational behavior comes into picture to manage diversity and aiming at "Equality" and "Equal Opportunities" for employees. As some of the greats put it, Diversity in an organization is defined as ""Diversity within organisations is about recognising the range of differences in people and valuing people as individuals, respecting their differences and their differing needs. It is also about accommodating differences wherever possible so that an individual can play a full part in the working environment" (Daniels and Macdonald, 2005, p.1). First and foremost, it has to be recognized that an individual alone is unable to fulfil all his needs and wishes and he lacks the ability, strength and time or endurance for achieving all these single handed. Therefore, he must rely on others for help to achieve these. As several people are involved, there is a need to co-ordinate and establish a chain of mutual help. It is a plain truth and fact that in order to achieve organizational goals, all involved in the system have to accommodated and looked after with the same level of interest. Respect for individuals, irres pective of caste, creed and culture is the key. This is the basic concept of managing diversity and bringing all involved, under the same umbrella with no discrimination and giving all an equal opportunity. There are many different ways of defining "equality". When looking at equality initiatives in employment, "Equal Opportunities" has become a common label. But there are many different definitions of "Equal Opportunities". The Collins Concise Dictionary defines "inequality" as "the state or quality of being unequal; disparity" (Collins Concise Dictionary, 1989, p.639). In determining inequality, a moral judgement has to be made about whether social difference is better or worse (Vincent, 1995, p.4). The focus (of EO) is on preventing unfair discrimination, so that when two people have the

Vibration of two degree systems (Aircraft wing) Essay

Vibration of two degree systems (Aircraft wing) - Essay Example Above such a critical speed, an accidental deformation of the fin/wing will lead to a large angle of twist (torsion). This critical speed is called the divergence speed, and the fin/wing is said to be torsionally divergent. Rocket fins should be designed so the divergence speed is never exceeded at any altitude during the flight. FLUTTER VELOCITY: Flutter is a dynamic instability of an elastic body (wing or fin) in an airstream and like divergence the only forces necessary to produce flutter are those due to the deflection of an elastic structure from its initially un-deformed state. The flutter velocity or critical speed UF and frequency F are defined respectively as the lowest airspeed and corresponding circular frequency at which an elastic body flying at a given atmospheric pressure and temperature will exhibit sustained harmonic oscillation. When there is no flow and the rocket's fin is disturbed, say, by a poke with a rod, oscillation or vibration occurs, which is damped (reduction of amplitude caused by structural resistance) gradually over successive vibration cycles. When the speed of flow is gradually increased, the rate of damping of the oscillation of the disturbed fin increases at first. With further increase in rocket velocity, however, a point is reached at which the damping rapidly decreases.

The Effects of the English Language and Culture in Translating A Essay

The Effects of the English Language and Culture in Translating A Non-English Text into Film - Essay Example When a film is to be made in English that was previously in another language and in text format, there are a great number of considerations on how the language and the visual elements can be translated. Meaning in one language must be carefully translated so that not only the verbal language, but the visual language makes sense. Film is unique in that the cultural meanings that are implied through one language must be translated as well as the literature of the original language. Due in large part to colonialism and then to the Westernization of consumerism, the English language has become a part of most languages, English-isms emerging throughout the cultures as they become part of the globalized world. Homogenization creeps into cultures that had previously been very ‘other’ through interactions with the dominance of the English language in business, media, and in presence in the world as English speaking travelers have a dominant position in world travel. Creating Eng lish versions of pieces of work that are written in another language often means that the work itself becomes transformed by the differences between cultures. In dominance, sometimes, comes the arrogance of transformation rather than merely translation. Transforming a literary work takes the meaning from it that was specific to a culture and re-creating it to have meaning for another culture that may no longer hold the same key symbols or meanings that it did in its original form. In translating a piece of fiction into a second language visual experience there are a great many aspects of the work that must be taken into consideration. Coding the translated work so that it reflects both the audience and the language of origin is a difficult achievement. The nature of coding in a language supports cultural meanings of symbols, but in translations that are both visual and verbal that are trying to capture meaning from one cultural language into another the task can be daunting. In the example of the result of colonialism is the key to how to undertake a project that involves translation. Where in colonialism entire cultures were translated into new cultural patterns through the coercive influence of the colonizer, so to can a text be butchered by misunderstanding the meanings that are cultural relevant and stand apart from the Western mind and the English construction of a text to prepare it for film. In translating a text into a script and direction for a film, the numbers of factors that are relevant to the translation are deep and meaningful in relationship to culture and symbols. Translation includes more than just replacing words, but replacing the emotional and cultural context through which the work was expressing meaning. Language Coding In trying to determine the best approach to translating a text from its original language into a film, the cultural coding that exists within the language must be evaluated. The first thing that must be determined in tran slating a text in one language to that of another is if the film will be intended for a mixed language population. In other words, if the film is made for a location in which two languages are prevalent and the work is being translated from one language to the other, the coding will be different than if a text is from a geographically different culture than to the culture that the film will be intended as an audience. If a Chinese book is translated for an English audience it is very

Investigation How Business Work Essay Example for Free

Investigation How Business Work Essay My name is Jasper and I have been asked to choose a company and investigate all about that company. The company I have chosen to investigate about is Safeway Supermarkets. In this task, I will be investigation the business objectives of Safeways and why they have those objectives. Safeways was first started in 1977 and has grown very large since than. It is in the service business where by they buy stock from manufacturing companies and sell it on to their customers and its also a public limited company (Plc). Safeways now own about two million high street stores in the U.K. alone and are now looking to opening some of its stores in other parts of Europe. The head office of Safeways is at London. All decision must be clarified or accepted by the people at the head office before it goes ahead. Safeways makes an income of 50 million pounds a year and are stills looking to improving their income. Safeways vision in future is to become (The first choice food retailer for all their customers locally.) over the past four years, Safeway have been working hard to achieving its vision and to achieve it, they have set out the following objectives. * To have the best promotional deals on the products which most of there customers regularly buy. * To have the best and most innovative fresh food offers * To have the best product availability, keeping their shelves full every hour of every trading day * And to have the best customer service, in a warm and friendly store environments. Explaining of objectives * The first objective of Safeways is to have the best promotional deals. If they do have the best promotion, more and more customers will buy from Safeways and the more the customers the more profit they make. * Now a day, people are breaking from the habits of canned food to fresh food and if Safeways could do this than a greater number of customers will buy more and more from them meaning they get more profits. Safeways sells ready prepare meals for customers who dont have time to cook. * The third objective by Safeways is to keep their shelves always full so that customers dont go to other stores when Safeways dont have stokes on their shelves. * The fourth objective by safeways is to have the best customer service. If they dont have good customer service to help customers when they need help, customer will go somewhere else and they will loss money. The functional areas of Safeways Lawrence Christensen, CBE, Group Operations Director, Safeway Stores plc, is the Main Board Director with Corporate Social Responsibility, which incorporates Health and Safety and Environment. He chairs the Corporate Social Responsibility Steering Group, which oversees, reviews, monitors and advises on CSR matters particularly where they are of concern to our stakeholders. He also chairs the Corporate Due Diligence Committee, which reviews, monitors and advises on due diligence matters associated with product safety, employment, environment and health and safety. Jack Sinclair, Group Marketing and Trading Director, chairs the Commercial Committee which is responsible for reviewing and making decisions with regard to Trading and Operational performance of the Company, including Promotional and Pricing Strategy, Store and Product Category Performance and Marketing, Seasonal and Range Initiatives. Liz Kynoch, Technical Director, Chairs the Executive Health and Safety Committee and has day-to-day responsibility for health and safety management as well as Product Technical Issues. Jim White, Human Resource Director, employs staff for the company and also makes sure that employees are working in a safe environment. It also dismisses an employee who does not perform his or her job properly. David Wilson, Company Secretary, Chairs the Product Policy Group Committee, which defines and refines company policy. The Board then signs these off. He has responsibility for assisting the Board to ensure compliance with all its legal obligations and to ensure that in regard to corporate governance the Board takes account of, and reflects, wherever appropriate, the standards required by the combined code appended to the UKLA listing rules. His role is to ensure that the Board follows its procedures fully and that in the management of the business, it has regard, at all times, for its duty to act in the best interests of the company (present and future shareholders), and to have regard to the interest of other stakeholders. These stakeholders are employees, customers, suppliers and any others who may be affected by its operations. He is vice chairman of the Corporate Due Diligence Committee and a Member of the CSR Steering Group. Nicola Ellen, Strategy Manager CSR, reporting to Lawrence Christensen, is responsible for day-to-day CSR management. Which is the report sent to stakeholders of how the company is doing in teams of income and the company environment. Dr. Kevin Hawkins, Director of Communications reports to the chairman (David Webster) about the press release and public affaires. He also chairs the Charity Committee, which manages the corporate charity budget. David Webster, director of Finance chairs the finance departments. His job is to give financial advice to the company and to also calculate the profits and loss of the company. He also keeps financial records of the company. Department job roles In every functional area, there are different job roles. A job role tells determines the jobs and tasks of employee that they are being expected to do. Below are some of the job roles in the functional areas. Human Resource * Employ and dismiss employee on reasons. * Motivate * See that all employees are treated the same due on their work. Marketing and trading * To promote products * Perform researches * Good communication skills Technical * Make sure that all employees are working in safe environments. * Get safely equipments for employees * Test employees knowledge of safety incase of emergency Communications * Have good communication skills * Be very persuasive * Make sure that the press dont release bad stuff about company Strategy * Be able to know what company need to survive * Be able to create reports (CSR) * To be able to set out companys aims and objectives Laws, which protect Employee rights. The governments has set up laws just is to protect the employees rights. These laws are to be followed by employers or they could be put out of business. The laws are has follows. o Employments Rights Acts1996 o The Sex discrimination Acts 1975 o Race relation Acts 1976 o Disability discrimination Acts o Equal opportunity legislation The Employments Rights Acts This rights covers mostly all the other rights of the employees i.e. * The employer must give the new employee, a written statements or a contract no more than 8 weeks after the employee has started working for the company. * All employees must be given an entitlements pay slip, which shows the gross and net pay etc. * An employee asked to work on Sunday can opt-out by serving notice. * All females can take maternal leave and can return to work on the same terms and conditions has they were. * An employee can act has a trade union official or health and safety official and cannot be dismissed. * All employees who have been dismissed through redundancy have the rights to receive redundancy payments if they have been working fro the firm for more than two years. * Employee have the rights to take a time of on the grounds for jury service and antenatal care * Any employees that this dismissed from working on medical terms have the rights to receive payments for up to 26 weeks. The Sex discrimination Acts 1975 This act makes it illegal fro any employer to discriminate upon anyone on the grounds of gender either directly or indirectly. This act applies to the following recruitment and selection for jobs and promotion, training, the way you are treated in a job, dismissal and redundancy. The Race Relation Acts This act makes it illegal fro any employer to discriminate against on the grounds of the persons colour, race nationally, or ethnic origins whether directly or indirectly. The Disability Discrimination Act This act is concerned with the discrimination against people with disabilities in employments, when obtaining goods and service or buying/renting land or property. The disability can be physical, sensory or metal but must be relatively long tern (for more than 12 months). An employer must not treat a disabled person more favorably than able body person whether in recruitments, training, promoting or dismissal unless it can be justified. Employers must also be ready to make reasonable adjustments to the work place to enable a disabled person to do their jobs. Disabled person who suffers any discrimination can report their complains to the employments tribunals. Discrimination in this case is not divided into direct or indirect but less favorable treatments can be justified. Equal opportunities in Safeways Safeways makes sure that it follows these acts. In order not to violate any of these Acts, it states at the bottom of its application forms about the above acts. An example of safe ways employments from has been attached to this work.

The nuclear power

The nuclear power Introduction I am writing this essay to debate the idea of having nuclear power developed for future use by us. This takes on a major issue and covers many aspects of my nations energy use both in present and for the future. When we think about nuclear power we do not automatically think of it as a non renewable energy source. This is because it is not part of the fossils fuels; coal, oil and gas, which we all know will not last us as reliable energy sources for much longer. However, nuclear power is a non renewable energy source and Nuclear energy is considered an important fuel to produce energy How is nuclear energy made? Nuclear energy is obtained by processes of nuclear fission and fusion. In nuclear fission the energy is released by splitting the atom sending a neutron blasting through the nucleus, this makes other neutrons fly off at high speeds setting up a chain reaction. Nuclear fusion is the opposite by which the nuclei of two or more atoms fuse together, in the process mass is lost and this is then converted into energy. Production of energy takes place inside a nuclear reactor which consists of a core surrounded by a thick concrete shield, steam pipes, turbines and a final (electricity) generator. After the mining of the ore (this is mainly uranium or plutonium ore) has been done the pure uranium is turned into uranium dioxide which is made into pellets. Several of these pellets are placed inside fuel rods. Usually there are about 90,000 fuel rods placed in the core of a reactor. Nuclear fission takes place inside the core by which the isotope splits using the atoms in the uranium dioxide from the pellets. The immense heat produced by this is carried away by fluid circulating through the reactor core. Once the fluid becomes heated it is used to produce steam, this steam drives the turbines which in turn rotate the main electricity generators to produce clean, reliable electricity. During this process there is a massive amount of radiation and so this is why the core is surrounded by a thick concrete shield to absorb this radiation. Arguments FOR using and developing nuclear power To satisfy our general needs of heating our water, heating our homes, cooking our food, powering our appliances and lighting our rooms, we need to retrieve energy from the many many methods available to us. One of these choices is nuclear energy. There are very good reasons why it should be considered and developed further, to be used in the future. Firstly, by comparing it to the other non renewable energy sources (coal, oil and natural gas), nuclear power is a very clean energy as it does not produce any of the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which lead to the greenhouse effect or global warming. This problem is significant for the disintegration of the ozone layer when fossil fuels are burnt to release energy. Plus using this form of energy can save the reserves we have left of some of the precious fossils fuels like oil, which is said to run out within the next 50 years. Because nuclear power already supplies lots of energy, it is also much more reliable at present than many of the renewable options we have available such as wind, solar and wave. A very important point and something that must be considered is that there can be huge amount of energy produced from just a small amount of nuclear element. Just one kilogram of uranium can produce as much energy as 3,000,000 kilograms of coal. Finally, with the nuclear energy economy being one of the safest in the world, producing the cheapest energy, development in the future can provide thousands of jobs and other opportunities of stable employment for many people. Arguments AGAINST using and developing nuclear power As well as the very well argued points agreeing with the future use of nuclear energy, there is opposition to this expansion. There are many people and often groups that raise concerns about the safety of nuclear power. Nuclear waste that is produced from the nuclear power stations emits a very high amount of dangerous radiation that can stay radioactive for up to 25,000 years so it must be disposed of very carefully. Any accident is extremely dangerous and can kill any life in the surrounding area immediately. A case study that shows the extreme risk of development of nuclear power and what can happen if an accident occurs is the 1986 incident in Chernobyl, Russia. Here a nuclear reactor exploded killing 31 people, and around 140,000 people were evacuated as quickly as possible. This area around the explosion was contaminated by radiation and this will remain for a long period of time. The clouds of radioactive material that were also released by the explosion spread, reaching even as far as Sweden. The wind that blew from Chernobyl also came across to Britain and caused acid and other toxic rain that ruined farmland, making the soil radioactive. Farmers are still having problems in parts of Wales because of the radiation that has spread as a result of an accident at a nuclear power plant. Rather than looking at nuclear energys dangers, it also has a few faults. One of these are that a big part of the energy that is created must be blown away because it cannot be used. Nuclear power is also unable to adjust to a lower power production for night. These are faults which not only can cause problems but also inconvenience. Back to the issue of the nuclear waste, focusing away from its safety concerns, and more about where it can be disposed of without causing major problems. As it does stay radioactive for a very long time it must be discarded carefully. The pollution of this waste can cause serious effects on both people and the environment. An example of pollution has been in the Irish sea which was dreadfully polluted by the nuclear waste from the power plant at Sellafield in Cumbria. This fuel should ideally be stored in a safe environment either underground or in special concrete surrounded stainless steel liquid tanks. Another concern that is brought up with nuclear power is the potential for nuclear weapons to be developed. In these weapons would be uncontrolled nuclear fission where even if just a small amount of unstable uranium or plutonium is used, a bomb would explode. If more countries turned to the development of nuclear energy we could be at risk of production of these weapons by countries such those in the Middle East and terrorist groups, some believe it may even lead to a possible nuclear war in the future. Conclusion Looking at all of the arguments for and against the issue of whether nuclear power should be developed for future energy supplies, they are all valid reason that should be taken into account. As for my personal response, I feel that nuclear energy should not be developed as the building of more power plants could cause harmful effects, especially if accidents occur. I feel that the chance of accidents taking place are far more likely if this source of energy is developed. This can lead to the deaths of many lives due to the sheer amount of radiation. Plus looking at the locations of nuclear power plants in the UK, they are mainly in remote areas, for obvious reasons, and also near the sea. More of these can lead to their expansion in more populated areas putting many lives in danger. I also feel that instead of turning to another non renewable energy from fossil fuels, it is far better to invest and research into the development of renewable sources which will give us clean, cheap energy in the future. By looking at changing the technology for these alternatives now, we can help plan for the future. However, if the nuclear industry was developed then when reserves of uranium and plutonium ran out we would once again be searching for other ways. So overall I feel that nuclear energy, although cheap and reliable, is not the best option to be developed for future use, not just in this country but around the world.

An Analysis Of the Financial Situation of TESCO PLC

An Analysis Of the Financial Situation of TESCO PLC Introduction: Reason for selection of this topic The selection of topic is based on my reading about Tesco rapidly growing articles and its strategy for growth topic is based on four vital playing parts: Growth in the UK To expand by growing internationally To be as strong in non-food as in food To follow customers into new retailing services From the list of suggested topics an analysis of the financial situation of an organization seems to be attractive and interesting topic. The making of this report help me in different ways like improvement in analytical skills and time management. Company Profile Jack Cohen established Tesco in 1919, when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. In 1924, the first own-brand product sold by Jack was Tesco Tea. In 1932, Tesco became a private limited company. In 1983, Tesco stores (Holding) Ltd became PLC. Tesco became Britains biggest independent petrol retailer in 1995 Tesco became the number one in this country with 17% of the market share in 1995. Tesco is one of the largest food retailers in the world, operating around 2,700 stores. The group operates through multiple store formats, including Extra, Superstore, Metro, Express and hypermarkets. Tesco operations UK (1,900 stores) European countries Asia Tesco Products Electrical goods Home entertainment Clothing Phones Broadband Health Beauty Stationery Kitchen utensils Soft furnishings Seasonal goods level of products Value Finest Branded Tesco and Retail industry profile Grocery market is one of the most evolving markets. Tesco is the third largest supermarket in retail industry world. Competition is directly with the small and independent chains and with other big names of retail industry. Todays consumer is changing their shopping patterns with the changes in marketing strategies by the grocery market. Tescos is innovative in its marketing strategy and maintain its impressive figure of market share by huge spending on marketing and fulfilling the wants and needs of customer. (RETAIL INDUSTRY REPORT 2007) It is 60 years since Tesco was first listed on the London Stock Exchange, as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd, with a share price of 25 pence. It was only ten years ago that it laid out a new strategy for growth, a strategy which looked to find new customers, new markets, new products and new opportunities,thriving international business and assessing markets with over two billion people. Source:http://www.tescocorporate.com/annualreview07/01_tescostory/tescostory.html Tescos market share has surpassed 30% for the first time in 2005, providing further ammunition for consumer groups who want its dominance curbed. Source:http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=401840in_page_ id=2 Aims Objectives of the Report Analysis of recent performance of Tesco Analysis for the benefit of all stakeholders and shareholders Future performance prediction Methods of analysis Method to analysis the performance of Tesco is based on the competition with Sainsbury (leading British retailer). The main reason is to understand the concern of shareholders about their dividend income and growth of capital. Therefore the report is mainly focused on the following aspects: SWOT anaalysis SWOT analysis of Tesco is about the internal and external factors, which helps me to understand the current position of company. Profitability Comparison of the profit with their rivals Liquidity This is the most concerned factor for the investor to know about. Usually companies are not forced into liquidation for not making profit,but when they cannot pay their debts off. Growth Expectations of shareholders in highly competition Financing Financing should be accurate and appropriate towards their objectives. Investment Analysis on investment towards future profitability Shareholders return Analysis on how effective the group is returning shares of shareholders. The few key factors Gearing ratio Gearing is a measure of financial leverage, demonstrating the degree to which a firms activities are funded by owners funds versus creditors funds and is the key indicator of the share prices. ROCE (return on capital employed) To examine the total long-term funds invested in the group to earn the return. EPS (Earning Per Share) Earning per share (EPS) is widely used by both present and future investors to gauge the profitability of a company. Gross profit margin Compares a companys performance with its competitors in terms of profit margin. Limitations of Analysis Ratios are static and it does not reflect the future trends normally. Ratios are based on information in different articles and websites. It ignores the affect of inflation. Financial statements themselves have limitations IAS 16 also allows a choice between measuring non current assets at cost less amounts written off, or at revalued amount (FTC Foulks Lynch Paper 2.5, 2004). On the other hand IAS 17 leaves somewhat vague the distinction between finance leases and operating leases. By classifying a lease as an operating lease, it is possible for a lessee to keep leased assets and their corresponding liabilities off the balance sheet (FTC Foulks Lynch Paper 2.5, 2004). The earning power of a business may well be affected by factors, which are not reflected in the financial statements. Executive Summary Tesco has shown improving results during the recent years and an excellent result this year as well compared to previous performance of the company. Tesco Groups result for the year 2006/07 is as follows Turnover à ¢- ²10.9% Operating profit à ¢- ²17.7% Profit before taxationà ¢- ²20.3% Group underlying profità ¢- ²13.2 % Group trading profità ¢- ²11.1 % Underlying diluted earning per share increased by 11.6% on comparable basis, to 22.36p (last year-20.04). Final dividend has been proposed 6.83p per share (last year-6.10). This represents an increase of12%. Gearing level remained at 48% as last years. Cash outflow is 265m compared to last year Cash inflow 165m last years. Above results represent the story of progress of the group, which reflects the consumer satisfaction, shareholders and stakeholders confidence in Tesco. Tesco generates their profits faster than revenue and the improvement in production. Information gathering Primary research Primary information is data, which is, collected specifically by or for the user, at source for example the management accounts of a company (BPP Success in your Research Analysis Project 2005). Most of my work is based on secondary sources. Secondary research Most of my research is based on secondary type of research. Academic Reading the textbook provided the initial outline, approach, research suggestions and structuring for the project. Subscription publications such as Accounting and Business Conventional library research Going to the British and Corydon Library enabled me to gain access to the academic publications on research methods for business, as well as industry-specialist publications. Electronic research Financial Journals and Tesco website, which enabled me to obtain last three years annual and interim reports, and company presentations to analysts, investors and portfolio. ACCA website (http://www.accaglobal.com/) provided an easy-to- search database of articles Using Internet search engines (Goggle, Yahoo Finance) enabled me to collect a lot of information about Tesco and its competitors. Other Methods to Collect Information Specialist Accountancy Publications (Accountancy Age) Annual Accounts of Company Telephone calls, Email Analysts reports Newspaper articles Discussions with superiors Analysis and Presentation (Note: All the figures used below are taken from Tesco and Sainsburys annual accounts, except where mentioned) Strategic Analysis Cost Leadership Cost leadership is a generic strategic thrust that emphasizes providing products and services at the lowest per unit cost within an entire market. Porter notes (1980) Cost leadership requires aggressive construction of efficient-scale facilities, vigorous pursuit of cost reductions from experience, tight cost and overhead control, avoidance of marginal customer accounts, and cost minimization in areas like RD, service, sales force, advertising, and so on (p. 35). from Porter, M. Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York: The Free Press, 1980. Michael Porter suggested four generic business strategies that could be adopted in order to gain competitive advantage. The four strategies relate to the extent to which the scope of businesses activities are narrowing versus broad and the extent to which a business seeks to differentiate its products. The four strategies are summarized in the figure below: This strategy is usually associated with large-scale businesses like Tesco offering standard products with relatively little differentiation that are perfectly acceptable to the majority of customers. Occasionally, a low-cost leader will also discount its product to maximize sales, particularly if it has a significant cost advantage over the competition and, in doing so, it can further increase its market share. Source: http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/competitive_advantage.htm SWOT Analysis STRENGTH Leading British Market Customer research and its careful positioning Economy of scale WEAKNESSES Limitations in opening new outlets in UK OPPORTUNITIES Growth in Non-Food retails Investment in international market THREATS Threats from rival Competition in overseas market Extension in business makes it difficult to manage Reputation risk STRENGTHS Britains Market Leader Tesco is the market leader of retail industry in UK and holds 31.5%share of whole market as compared to its competitors ASDA Sainsburys who hold 16.7% and 16.0%. Source: http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=68862007 Customer Research and its carefulpositioning Tescos ability to empathies with its customers is the result of in-depth research, and has been key to its resoundingly successful entries into so many new markets. Their market research doesnt stop at new customers, but covers existing customers buying habits too. Tesco has expanded its customer base by its increased efforts to embrace customers from all levels of society, and all income brackets. For example, two popular food product ranges the luxury range called Tesco Finest and the budget version, Tesco Value are both carried within all of its stores. Source:http://www.growthbusiness.co.uk/expansion/259636/what-tesco-can-teach-us.thtml Economy Of SCALE Tescos has massive buyer power over suppliers; these economies of scale allow Tescos to compete fiercely on price without imperiling its own margins in a mature industry in which aggregate revenue growth is unspectacular. WEAKNESSES LIMITATIONS IN OPENING NEWOUTLETS The massive volume of sites under development and owned by the supermarket groups, and particularly by Tescos, is a central plank in a new Competition Commission investigation into the grocery sector. The Commission is considering to review the rules that govern store openings. Under current guidelines, a retailer keen to open in a particular town must simply prove that the location needs a new supermarket. The national market share of that supermarket chain is not taken into account. The Commission will also take a close look at the controversial issue of land banking retailers supposed practice of buying vast tracts of land merely to thwart rivals from opening on them. Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2006/04/30/cctesco30.xml OPPORTUNITIES Growth in non-food sector According to Retail research company Verdict, in 2007, for every  £10 spends on non-food shopping,  £1 will be spent at the supermarkets. And Tesco is set to become the UKs number one non food retailer, with Verdict predicting it will capture 3.6 percent of the non-food shopping market this year, overtaking the current number one GUS (owner of Argos and Homebase) which currently has 3.5 percent market share. Source: http://www.clickajob.co.uk/news/tesco-to-become-uk-s-largest-non-food-retailer3675.html Tesco stores sell some non-food, it is Tescos Superstore and Extra formats that offer the biggest choice. These offer electrical, home entertainment, clothing, health and beauty, stationery, cook shop and soft furnishings, plus seasonal goods such as barbecues and garden furniture in the summer. The company has launched a highly successful range of own brand goods from microwaves to garden furniture. Source: http://www.999today.com/homeandgarden/news/story/1804.html Investment in International Market International growth forms a key element of Tescos four-part strategy and the business currently trades in 12 countries outside the UK, mainly in Asia and Central Europe. Over half of Tescos selling space is now outside the UK. Source:http://www.tescocorporate.com/page.aspx?pointerid=14163CB2412F41B1BD7765AC8DBE49EB Total international sales grew by 5.3% to  £11.0 billion. On a comparable 52-week basis, sales increased by 17.9% at actual rates. International contributed  £564 million to trading profit, up 10.8% at actual rates (up 18.0% on a comparable 52-week basis). (Annual Report) The US represents the biggest job for Tesco expansion in international world.The fact that the USA has been such an embarrassing graveyard for almost every British retailer that has opened there merely adds an extra frisson to Tescos plans. J Sainsbury, Marks Spencer and Dixons have all returned from stateside adventures with their tails between their legs. With this in mind Tesco has gone to extraordinary lengths to keep its plans secret. It has also carried out one of the most thorough pieces of market research in corporate history to ensure that its efforts are not lost in translation Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/06/10/cntesco110.xml Tescos new US convenience store chain is struggling to attract shoppers. If Fresh Easy fails, it will add to the list of UK retail brands unable to break into the US and also be very dilative to international returns. Threats Threats from Rivals Tesco is facing a lot of competition from its local and international rival. It has diversed its business in different products, which increased its competitors so it requires more efforts and attention to deal with the competition and to secure its position in the market. Competition faced in overseas markets Consistently maintaining the No 1 position in the UK, Sir Terry and Tesco are looking overseas for growth. Over the last decade Sir Terry has led Tesco into Asia and Europe, opening stores in different countries. America is the major item on the table and India is expected to follow. Managing the international business takes up an increasing amount of attention and clear understanding of political, spending, religious and many other factors. Reputation risk Tesco is the largest retailer in the UK; expectations of the Group are high. Failure to protect the Groups reputation and brand could lead to a loss of trust and confidence. This could result in a decline in the customerbase and affect the ability to recruit and retain good people. (Annual Accounts) Extension in makes it difficult to manage Tescos extension itself is big challenge. The competition commission is enquiring about Tescos land bank holding and in some areas not approval for store development is one example. Tescos diversified its business in different segment which means downfall in one will have impact on other business area as well. Review of 2007 results Group Summary Group sales, including VAT, increased by 8.1% to  £46.6bn (last year  £43.1bn) and by 10.9%on a comparable 52-week basis. At constant exchange rates, sales increased by 7.9% and10.8% respectively. Group operating profit rose by 17.7% to  £2,648m. Total net Group property profits were  £139m, comprising  £98m in the UK, a  £6m loss in Asia and a  £47m profit within Joint Ventures and Associates. Return on capital employed In April last year, Tesco renewed its commitment to increasing their post-tax return on capital employed (ROCE), having exceeded their 2004 aspiration two years early. The strong performance of the business delivered slightly higher ROCE in 2006/07 at 12.6% (last year 12.5%), (Including the one-off benefit from Pensions A-Day, ROCE was 13.6%). This represents good progress and was achieved despite carrying the extra start-up costs and investment in the US and Tesco Direct as well as the integration costs and capital employed in their International acquisitions and increased stake in Hymall. This means that ROCE is on track to meet their new target. (Annual Accounts) Whereas, Sainsbury has shown magnificent improvement in their ROCE (2.76% in 2006 and 6.3% in 2007) (refer to Appendix) but still has to do a great deal of effort to challenge the market leader in terms of absolute figures. Return on capital shareholders fund The Groups total shareholder return performance (i.e. share price movements plus dividends reinvested) for the year 2006 and 2007 relative to the FTSE 100 index of companies is 143:116 for FEB 06 and 195:132 for FEB07. This index has been selected to provide an established and Broad-based comparator group of retail and non-retail companies of similar scale to Tesco, against which the Groups TSR performance can be measured. There has also been a very strong performance in TSR over the last three and five years against a comparator group of our major retail competitors in the UK, Europe and the US. Source: http://www.tescocorporate.com/annualreview07/pdf/review/annual_review_and_sfs_2007.pdf Gross Profit Margin Profit earned is the sales revenue less cost of goods sold. The relation between them is the gross profit margin, which in terms of percentage shows profit made out of sales. Gross profit margin is obtained by dividing gross profit by sales. Tesco Group sales, including VAT, increased by 8.1% to  £46.6 billion (2006  £43.1 billion) and by 10.9% on a comparable 52-week basis. At constant exchange rates, sales grew by 7.9% and 10.8% respectively. Group profit before tax increased by 18.7% to  £2,653 million (2006  £2,235 million) and by 20.3% on a comparable 52-week basis. Underlying profit before tax (excluding IAS 32 and IAS 39 and the non-cash elements of IAS 19, which are replaced by the normal cash contributions) increased to  £2,545 million, up by 11.8% (13.2% on a comparable 52-week basis Gross Profit Margin is 10.24% which increased by 4.70% compared to Sainsburys Gross Profit Margin of 10.29% which increased by 7.41%. This shows that Tesco has well control on cost cutting and productivity programme and focusing on the sales growth trying to keep the prices at lower margin. While, Sainsburys improvement demonstrates well pursue of their recover plan in which they include cost control as well. Asset Turnover Asset turnover is the relationship between sales and assets i.e. sales per nominal value of Asset. This ratios has dropped from 2.62 for 2006 to 2.58 for the year 2007 indicating slight inefficiency of asset utalisation.(Appendix B) compared to Sainsburys which improved from 2.02 to 2.50(Appendix C). Tescos figure has decreased but it still is better than Sainsburys that shows Tesco is utilizing its assets more efficiently. Gearing and Liquidity Gearing represents long-term debt in relation to shareholders funds. A gearing ratio of about one-third is usually regarded as acceptable for a company, suggesting that it is not over-reliant on external borrowing. A figure in excess of this indicates a higher-geared company. High gearing ratios are most suitable to those companies with steady and reliable profits, whose earnings are sufficient to cover interest payments and where total dividends are low. However, wide fluctuations in profitability would make a highly geared company extremely vulnerable t market conditions Source: http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C02.pdf High gearing indicates a high proportion of debt in the capital structure. High-geared companies are deemed to be financially risky, because interest payments have to be met, regardless of profitability. Tescos gearing ratio has increased slightly from 60.39 to 62.87, on the other hand Sainsburys gearing ratio decreased by 44.74%. But with a high interest cover good current and forecast profitability and low level of net debt the high gearing ratio should not present Tesco with any problems. (See Appendixes) A combination of retained profits, long and medium-term debt, capital market issues, commercial paper, bank borrowings and leases finance Tescos operations. The objective is to ensure continuity of funding. The policy is to smooth the debt maturity profile, to arrange funding ahead of requirements and to maintain sufficient undrawn committed bank facilities, and a strong credit rating so that maturing debt may be refinanced as it falls due. The Groups long-term credit rating remained stable during the year. Moodys and A+ by Standard and Poors rate Tesco Group A1. New funding of  £1.8bn was arranged during the year, including a net  £0.5bn from property joint ventures and  £1.2bn from medium-term notes (MTNs). At the year-end, net debt was  £5.0bn (last year  £4.5bn) and the average debt maturity was nine years (last year six years). (Annual Accounts 2007) Current ratio This ratio shows indicates the companys ability to meet its short-term obligations. The higher the ratio, the more liquid the company is. Current ratio is proportion between current assets and current liabilities. If the proportion between current assets and current liabilities is more than 2 then that company is generally considered to have good short-term financial strength. If current liabilities exceed current assets, then the company may have problems meeting its short-term obligations. The current ratios of Sainsburys group are better than that of Tesco group. For 2007, the ratios were .56:1 and .71:1 for Tesco and Sainsburys respectively. (See Appendix) This means there is less assurance that Current liabilities of Tesco could be paid quickly comparative to Sainsbury. But the other point of concern is that Tescos has shown an improvement by 7.69% whereas Sainsburys current ratio shows a decline of 11.25% that again indicates not very effective management and utilization of assets as compared to Tesco. Interest cover It states how many times a company can repay the interest from the current earning. The higher the cover, the safer the company is from liquidity crisis. Tesco improved its interest cover from 9.48 to 12.32(Appendix B) whereas; Sainsburys improved its interest cover from 1.47 to 4.76(Appendix C). Tescos increased profits have improved its interest cover. Tesco is a highly geared company but it delivers great return to investors so there is no threat that it would not be able to cover its interest cost. LIMITATIONS specific to the ratio analysis There are limitations to the usability and understandability of these rations and the analysis made from them. Almost all of these ratios are inter-linked and interdependent and shows fluctuations if a few variables are gauged. Also, there are more than one agreed criteria for the choice of nominators and denominators so care must be taken while considering them in absolute figures (e.g., as more than 2 Quick ratio is considered excellent) and for comparisons between two or more entities. A better asset turnover ratio might as well be because of the under valuation of assets and a decline might as well be because of acquisition of assets of increase in the market value f the assets as most of the assets held by retailers as Tesco and Sainsburys are in the real estate. Current ratio has been defined good or worse depends on industries as well, as debt is cheaper than equity Industry such as retail where Tesco has working capital days in negative (i.e. they have a chance to earn interest on the sales they have made as their suppliers finance those sales.) the more a company is geared (but within the safety margin) the better will its performance be, as the interest cover is pretty handsome. Growth and investments Tescos has been investing in new markets overseas, seeking out new opportunities for growth and ways of generating long-term returns for shareholders. Tesco is also investing in diversified nature of business like investment in software; properties and recently investment in gardening are proof of well pursuit of its diversifying strategy. Group non-food sales have grown to  £10.4bn, including  £2.9bn in International. Sales growth, in the UK alone, was11.6% in the year, with total non-food sales increasing to £7.6bn (included in reported UK sales). In non-food product which shown growth include clothing sale grew by 16%, health beauty sales increased by 9%, toys and support sale rose by 35%, stationery and DIY both sales grew up by 23%, consumer electronic sales rose by 35%. (Annual Accounts) Investors Outlook The EPS is primarily a measure of profitability and states earnings/profit earned for one share and so an increasing EPS is seen as a good sign. Tescos Basic earning per share from continuing operations has raised from 20.20p to 23.61p compared to Sainsburys Basic earning per share which has raised from 3.8p to 19.2p which is massive. (See Appendix) Tescos returns are well ahead from Sainsburys basic earning per share thats why Tescos share price gives better return to shareholder. Chart below shows the comparison between the share price of Tesco against one of its competitors namely Sainsbury and against the FTSE 100 index over two years. Tesco has performed slightly better than the FTSE 100 index over the second half of the year but Sainsburys performance is much better which has been amplified by the rumor of takeover bid of Sainsburys by Delta two and Qatar and also the role played by the successful Sainsburys recovery plan. Total shareholder return (TSR), which is measured as the percentage increase in the share price, plus the dividend paid, has increased by 36% in 2006/07, its largest value increase for ten years and the fastest percentage growth rate for three years. Over the last three years, TSR has grown 87% compared with the FTSE100 average of 58%. Over five years, the increase has been 102% compared to the increase in the average for FTSE100 companies of just 50%. (Annual Account) Conclusion Tescos latest results show that it has been another successful year for Tesco. The most encouraging thing about Tescos performance is that Tescos coped well with the head-wind from recovering competitors, rising costs and tough conditions in some markets. Tescos come through in good shape and have done it by staying focused on doing the right things for Tescos customers and at the same time investing for future growth. (Annual Accounts) Tesco chief executive Terry Leahy said, Overall sales growth has strengthened in the period, with international delivering a particularly strong performance, and the UK has again done well, with good growth in our core food categories. Its non-food offering Tesco Direct, and the groups online grocery operation tesco.com had both delivered very strong sales in the quarter, said the company. Source:http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/business-in-wales/business-news/2007/12/05/good-progress-for-tesco-in-autumn-sales-91466-20203900/ Tesco has laid solid foundations for future growth. Tesco is always looking to improve the way the owners of the business benefit from that growth. It has also been a good year for shareholders return. Of course, Tescos shares are higher in buoyant markets but Tescos is also doing more to contribute. Dividends are up to approaching  £800 million, driven by last years change in policy, combined with the effect of our rising flow of property profits now ranking for dividend. Tescos also bought back and cancelled almost  £470 million worth of our own shares so far. (Annual Accounts) Tescos financial performance in 2006/07 was excellent. Turnover of  £46,611m grew by 8.1%, diluted earning per share of  £23.31m grew up by 17% and dividend per share £ 9.64 increased by 11.7%, putting Tesco in top place in retail industry in the UK. (Appendix A) Tescos position holds strong position in UK and now Tesco is concentrating towards International markets for improved return for its shareholders and to establish its business and loyalty of customers around the world. Tescos produced very good performace particularly against the background of political uncertainty and economic problems in three of its markets Hungary, Thailand and South Korea. This demonstrates that International now has the size and momentum to get through these things and still deliver.Tescos got much stronger in Central Europe, through rapid growth in new space and acquisition. In Asia as well, having done the groundwork in a couple of our newer markets, weve used acquisition to get on faster.(Annual Accounts) The biggest challenge in international market is its fresh move in the US market. If Tescos get fails in US it would be a disaster for their strategic planner. According to CNN, Tescos is aiming to open 200 Fresh Easy outlets by February 2009, with projections suggesting that annual sales could hit US$4bn, But Michael J Dennis, a senior research analyst with Minneapolis investment bank Piper Jeffrey, described sales at the chain to date as a disaster. Based on interviews with suppliers, he said sales were running at about US$60,000 a week 70% down on targeted weekly revenues of

American Pie Essay -- Research Essays Term Papers

American Pie With every aspect of our lives we are making a point, arguing a belief, or refuting some other aspect of our existence. Aesthetic pieces, most avidly poems and songs, argue a message both in the lyrics and in the meaning posed between the lines. â€Å"American Pie,† in a multitude of ways, argues that American lives and memories are closely intertwined with the music of the time period. Not only does â€Å"American Pie† argue a message it also pulls many generations together. Today, thirty years after the initial release, â€Å"American Pie† still has an effect in our music and continues to be popular with all age groups. Don McLean accomplishes this task through using the context of the time period, placement of words, the words themselves, the punctuation and grammar, the rhythms, and many other facets involved. Because of this, the people of a nation and even the world are influenced. One major concept needed in order to understand any song thoroughly is to comprehend the period in which it was recorded and released. Don McLean released the song, â€Å"American Pie,† in 1971. During the late 1960s and the early 1970s, the United States was becoming progressively commercialized. With the commercialization, Americans began losing touch of the â€Å"little things in life,† and the things that make life worth living; instead they were more interested in the materialistic things. Throughout the time period there were many clashes around the world—most famous being the conflict in Vietnam. With the amount of turmoil that was present during the late 1960s and early 1970s, McLean writes about the 1950s (a period of calmness between two storms—the World Wars and Vietnam) as an escape for the people of his time. Several classics in other part... ... placement of words, the words themselves, appeals, imagery, figurative language, the punctuation and grammar, the rhythms, and all the other facets involved, shows that the people of a nation are influenced. Through all of these methods Don McLean uses â€Å"American Pie† to argue that American lives and memories are closely intertwined with the music of the time period. Not only does the argument and its message span over a period of time it inevitably pulled many generations together. Works Cited Howard, Allen. (November 3, 2001). Don McLean Online, American Pie Man’s Internet Home. [World Wide Web]. Available: http://www.don-mclean.com. [November 28, 2001]. McLean, Don. American Pie. American Pie. Released by United Artists (1971). Super70s.com. (2001). Super70s.com: Timeline. [World Wide Web]. Available: http://www.super70s.com. [December 1, 2001].

Enzyme Experiments :: Free Essays

Enzyme Experiments Central Experiment: The Action Of An Enzyme, e.g., amylase converting starch to reducing sugar. 1. Substrate: starch - use the same volume of the same starch solution each time 2. Enzyme: amylase - use the same volume of the same amylase solution each time 3. Only use starch and amylase solutions that test negative for reducing sugar with Benedict's Reagent 4. Four test tubes individually one third full of (a) starch solution, (b) amylase solution, (c) starch solution and (d) water 5. Warm all to 37Â °C in a heated water bath at 37Â °C 6. Mix (a) and (b) - the experiment. Mix (c) and (d) - the control 7. Use a buffer to maintain the pH at a constant suitable value: pH 8 8. Every minute test a small sample of each for starch using iodine 9. Control Results: always blue-black - starch always present, starch not broken down 10. Experiment Result: eventually a yellow-brown colour - starch is not present, it has been broken down 11. Now test the experiment solution for reducing sugar using Benedict's Reagent. Result: brick-red colour formed - reducing sugar is now present 12. Repeat the entire procedure many times to verify the results 13. Conclusion: amylase converts starch to reducing sugar. Only when amylase is present does starch disappear and reducing sugar appear Note: Fehlings can be used to test for reducing sugar. Experiment: To Determine the Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Rate of Enzyme Action. Same as the central experiment, at different amylase concentrations, as far as 10. Make up different dilutions of the amylase solution by adding increasing amounts of water.

Aeneas and His Ghosts :: Aeneas Presentation

Aeneas and His Ghosts The Aeneid Written by Virgil Translation by Fitzgerald I.Pious Aeneas (his background and key characteristics) †¢Mother is Venus (the Greek Aphrodite) Page 54, Book II, Lines 775-777 â€Å"Stepping before me, radiant through the night,My loving mother came: immortal, tall, And lovely as the lords of heaven know her.† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Favored by Jupiter† Page 164, Book VI, Lines 190-193â€Å"†¦ A few Whom a benign Jupiter has loved or whom Fiery heroism has borne to heaven, Sons of gods, could do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢Fated oThe gods respect his fate. Page 11, Book I, Lines 319-322 â€Å"Surely from these the Romans are to come In the course of the years, renewing Teucer’s line, To rule the sea and all the lands about it,According to your promise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ï‚ §He will found the land where Rome will later stand. Page 12-14, Book I, Lines 352-354, 373-375 â€Å"No, he, your son – now let me speak of him, In view of your consuming care, at length, Unfolding secret fated things to come-† â€Å"And call by his own name his people Romans. For these I set no limits, world or time, But make the gift of empire without end.† ï‚ §He is fated to go to the Underworld. Page 164, Book VI, Lines 214-217 â€Å"Pull away the bough. It will come willingly, Easily, if you are called by fate. If not, with all your strength you cannot conquer it, Cannot lop it off with a sword’s edge.† †¢Receptive and Open. oAeneas constantly looks for signs from the gods as to what his actions should be and listens/ follows through when he is nudged in the right direction. Page 110, Book IV, Lines 545-551 â€Å"Duty-bound, Aeneas, though he struggled with desire To calm and comfort her in all her pain, To speak to her and turn her mind from grief, And though he sighed his heart out, shaken still With love of her, yet took the course heaven gave him And went back to the fleet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  oIn all his interactions with his crew, wife, father, Dido, other leaders, the gods, etc., Aeneas listens instead of tooting his own horn (Odysseus), knowing there is a lot to be gained from others. †¢Aeneas is dutiful. oBrings the household gods. Page 65, Book III, Lines 16-18 â€Å"†¦I took to the open sea, Borne outward into exile with my people, My son, my hearth gods, and the greater gods† oCarries Anchises from Troy on his back and holds his opinion in high regard. Page 55, Book II, Lines 829-830 â€Å"†¦I looked for him at once, My first wish being to help him to the mountains;† Page 58, Book II, Lines 921-924