Industrialization Expansion in Russia and Japan Essay

Much of Western Europe quickly industrialized after Great Britain. If they did not, they were immediately outclassed by the British in trade and military strength. Industrialization made good use of the natural resources in a state. Some nations industrialized a while after Great Britain and were falling behind. Two of these states were Russia and Japan. These countries experienced change in governments, economic power, and social structure as a result of industrialization. Yet, these states went through their industrializations in very different ways than each other. Russia, industrialized as a result of many peasant revolts. The revolts led to the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, they received land but the political chains were still†¦show more content†¦The concentration of power into the emperor’s hands led to many changes in the government of Japan. The samurai class was quickly abolished, a national army was formed, political parties formed, an upper House of Peers and lower House of Diet were formed, and a constitution was drafted. Russia was very agriculturally based and did not have the sufficient technology to industrialize. States could industrialize when an efficient agricultural system was implemented to provide sufficient food for the factory workers that did not have land to farm. It is the trend seen from the beginning of civilization. Trade specialization can only occur with a surplus of food. Therefore, the first step for Russia, on its way to industrialization, was to become more efficient at farming. This was achieved with the emancipation of the serfs. Still without a middle class, the government played a strong role in the early decisions with industrialization. The tsar during this time, Alexander II, had a great railroad network created that allowed for more efficient use of Russia’s plentiful natural resources. With the change of government in Japan, economic change soon followed. Banks were founded to invest in capital, railways and steam boats were developed, restrictions on trade such as tariffs and guilds were removed, and land was re-distributed. These reforms helped spur the IndustrialShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Late And Early 20th Century1693 Words   |  7 PagesCountries such as Japan, Russia, as well as Europe’s scramble for Africa are prime examples of existing legacies from the imperialistic era of the late 19th century and onto the early 20th century. A balance of imperial expansion and their eventual collapse were the key components utilized by Weste rn nations to modernize and westernize the world between the periods of 1850 and 1950. 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Comparing Tension and Conflict in Things Fall Apart and...

Tension and Conflict in Things Fall Apart and Clear Light of Day How does the tension between traditional and modern views of the world play itself out in Achebes Things Fall Apart, and Desais Clear Light of Day? In both Achebes and Desais novels, tension and conflict between the new and the old, traditional and modern are the strong undercurrents that move the story and the reader into an unconscious emotional uneasiness. In both novels, the backdrop and the story are engrossed in a struggle between two worlds, the new and the old fighting out its battles in the characters portrayed within. Achebe makes his stand in eastern Nigeria while Desai illustrates her†¦show more content†¦I believe the book pivots on this statement: Does the white man understand our custom about land? How can he when he does not even speak our tongue? But he says that our customs are bad. How do you think we can fight when our own bothers have turned against us? The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceable with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart. It is interesting how the whole process came about. The missionary Mr. Brown came in with his soft approach and gained the respect of the clan. Then came along Mr. Smith The missionary with the black and white, hard handed approach. It was this iron fist that was the last straw for this clan. Okonkwo, the respected leader couldnt take any more. After helping burn down the church and killing a messenger he hung himself. A sin in both worlds, but the only way out for a man trapped between them. In Desais novel, Clear Light of Day we see the same tensions. But unlike Achebe, Desai weaves them lightly in and out of the story. In this tale, Bim is much like Okonkwo, trapped between two worlds. 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Sustainability and Housing Provision in Malaysia

Question: Critically analyse the article titled sustainability and housing provision in Malaysia. Answer: Analysis of the article The author in this report critically analyzes the article titled sustainability and housing provision in Malaysia. The author of the article is Teck - Hong Tan. The article has been cited by other authors as well and it was published in January 2011. The article is a journal article that aims at explaining the effect of the housing process on the standard of living of Malaysian people. Housing policies based on sustainability is viewed as a necessary condition. Sustainability is not just living in a healthy environment but it means maintain a good standard living. Housing is one of the basic necessities that human requires. The housing policies and programs should be economically viable and technically feasible in order to ensure that the housing industry is sustainable. The article focuses on employment and income effects, labor productivity and growth effects of housing provision (Ong, 2013). The main aim of the paper is to analyze how successful is government in Malaysia in meetin g the housing needs of people. It also analyzes the ways that is possible to achieve sustainable housing provision. It further analyzes the roles and challenges of public and private household providers in housing provision in Malaysia for the past twenty years. Malaysia is a multi cultural country where there are three groups that are prominent. Housing provisions depends on these racial religious groups. Most of the Malays live in rural areas, Indians in rubber and oil palm estate and Chinese in urban areas. It was essential for the government to break this stereotype and implement a new economic policy in 1970. The main aim of the economic policy is to foster unity by eradicating poverty and changing tax structure for the benefit of the society (Tan, 2011). Introduction The article clearly states the plans of the Malaysian government regarding housing programs that is clearly laid in the five year plan. The main aim of the first and the second five year plan is to promote the welfare of the people irrespective of the ethnic background. The third plan aims at eradicating poverty. The fourth plan aims at providing housing provisions to all the people in the society. The fifth plan aims at providing the basic social facilities such as schools, hospitals and community in spite of the basic infrastructural facilities. In the sixth and the seventh plan housing provisions were divided into low, middle and high income group. The plan requires both the private and public housing to cooperate and meet the demand of housing plan specially the low income group. The article then specifies the housing provision plan by the public and private sectors. The second part of the article clearly specifies the importance and the role of the private and the public sector in provision of households (Tan, 2011). The third part of the article specifies challenges that they meet while providing the house. The article discusses the issues of the five year plan and the challenges that the government face in meeting the housing needs in Malaysia. After addressing the issues the author clearly states the achievement of the Malaysian government in providing housing provision. At last the article reviews the ways the issues can be addressed and solved. It provides ways to achieve the sustainable housing provision. The information and the hypotheses are clearly stated that gives a clear idea on what the author actually wants to say. But the article fails to specify various economic policies and its implication on the housing needs and provisions. The housing regulation in Malaysia is highly regulated. The housing plan needs to be approved from the federal and the state authorities in Malaysia (Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). The Method section The public and private sectors plays an important role in providing housing needs. The first phase of the housing policy development concentrated on the public sector. Public sector plays an important role in providing housing approach specially to low income group. Before independence the British administration concentrated on providing housing facilities to the government authorities only but after independence the government concentrated on providing housing to all. The public sector is directly responsible for providing housing facilities in urban areas concentrating on urban development. Intervention of private sector is essential as the public sectors cannot meet the demands of all the housing provisions. In Malaysia there are two components of private sector housing provisions. The first component is the housing developer that indulges in initiating projects themselves and speculative building. The second component is construction firms that develops and provides organizations and entrepreneurial skills that construct the dwellings themselves. Licensed are required by the private sector builders before starting any construction (Ball, 2013). Private and public sector face many challenges and issues while providing housing needs to the people. The issues that people face needs to be addressed urgently to maintain sustainability. The main problem is with the five year Malaysian plan that does not specify provision of housing needs to the poor. The poor section has been given low priority by the public sector. The main issue with the public sector is that it is slow in approving the application for land developments. The problem with the private sector was that it only targeted the rich people and the cost of the houses provided by them was high. The private sectors are not keen on development of low cost houses as the main aim of the private sector is profit maximization. Another problem is that many projects that targets poorer section of societies has been abandoned and left incomplete. The victims are mostly the middle and the poor section. The builders aims at extracting as much money it can from then poor people for w hich they adopt various ways (Forrest Murie 2014). The housing policies and programs should be economically viable, socially feasible and technically acceptable to achieve sustainable housing provisions. The mortgage loans provided by the government should be low in order to make the housing facility affordable by everyone. Home finances should be made more affordable by providing subsides and financial assistance. The public and the private sectors should conduct the market research before formulating any housing plan. The housing plan laid and built should depend on various other factors. Both the private and the public sector should keep in mind the factors whether the buyer will purchase the house or not (Zainun et al., 2015). These factors are infrastructure and employment opportunities available. Many low cost building are available in areas where there are no employment opportunities and any infrastructure facilities that are left unsold. Proper actions need to be taken for those who are in a situation of abandoned house. Vari ous policies and programs can help the government achieve its plan and objective of proving low cost housing to the low income group. Public sector should gear up its efficiency and should be fact to pass the applications for housing provisions. A committee should be set to look into the building of the house so that the purchaser doesnt face the problems of incomplete house (Doling Ronald, 2014). The results section The author provides various datas to support its argument. A table is given to show the housing achievements under five year Malaysian housing plans. The table clearly states that the policies only benefit the richer section of the country while ignoring the poor and the middle group people. The main target of the public sector was to provide the housing facilities to the poor. But the table indicates that the housing program and plan only benefited the richer section. The condition of the private sector was even worse. The data suggest that the poor and low income group is the ones that are most affected by the five year Malaysian plan. The article fails to specify the economic implications of the housing provision plan and program. The article only specifies the achievement of the private and the public sector but it does not look into the demand side of the economy. It fails to specify the investment plan of the government as well. The main result that can be drawn from the articl e is that the housing plan and provisions in Malaysia has only benefited the rich and not the poor. The government needs to plan effectively and target in the low income group to achieve the sustainability and increase the standard of living of all the people. The article does not need any use of statistical analysis but the author could have used graphs of demand and supply to explain the economic implications of the plan (Samikon et al., 2013). The discussion section The author concludes that the government should concentrate on taking into the account the needs of the buyers. It is destructive to provide all the benefits to the builders. The conclusion does match with the results reported. The recommendation of the author is that government should formulate National Housing Policy to provide the benefit of the housing facility to all. The author also provided the ways that the government can adopt to improve the housing provisions in Malaysia. The article could have been better if proper methods could have been recommended by the government with the proper dataset and proof (Said et al., 2014). Strengths of the article The main strength of the article is that the author presents the importance of the public and private sector in providing the housing provisions. The author clearly specifies the five year plan of Malaysia and the plan of the government for providing the house to the needy it states that the main aim of the government is to eradicate poverty. The author also analyzes the issues and the challenges that the economy faces while providing housing facility. In the next part the author addresses the issues and provides the ways that can be used to correct the challenges that different sectors in an economy face. Private and public sector play an important role in providing housing facility. They also face many challenges. The article specifies that the main aim of the private sector is profit maximization while the public sector as usual is not effective. Hence the two combinations fail to provide low cost houses to the lower income group people (Hashim et al., 2012). Drawback of article The main drawback of the article is that the author does not provide any economic theories and empirical data to support the arguments. It also fails to specify the economic implications of the housing policy and programs. The economic factors such as employment opportunities, income levels, infrastructural development, interest rates, inflation rate, and economic growth affect the market for housing. The author does not specify these factors and its affect on housing. The provision of housing also is affected by the financial institutions and mortgages that the banks give. The author has just concentrated on the income level and public and private sector that affect the housing provisions. Unemployment is the main factors that affect the housing demand and supply. If the unemployment t rate rises in the country then the demand for the housing will decrease and the government will have to provide low cost housing. Shifts in demography also have its effect on the housing provisions (F oo Wong, 2014). Conclusion Hence sustainability does not only mean providing healthy environment but maintaining a healthy standard of living as well. Standard of living can be maintained by spreading the income among the different sections of the society equally. The main issue in Malaysia is that the housing facility is only beneficial to the rich while it ignore the poor. The Government should take proper measures to bridge the gap between the rich and poor by concentrating on the low income group. Subsidies should be given to the one who cannot afford a house. The interest on housing loans should be reduced. References Ball, M. (2013).Housing policy and economic power: the political economy of owner occupation. Routledge. Doling, J., Ronald, R. (Eds.). (2014).Housing East Asia: Socioeconomic and Demographic Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan. Foo, L. H. R., Wong, C. (2014). Planning for Housing Development in Malaysia: Developers' Response to the Regulatory Policy Framework.International Planning Studies,19(2), 192-209. Forrest, R., Murie, A. (2014).Selling the welfare state: The privatisation of public housing. Routledge. Hashim, A. E., Samikon, S. A., Nasir, N. M., Ismail, N. (2012). Assessing factors influencing performance of Malaysian low-cost public housing in sustainable environment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,50, 920-927. Ong, T. S. (2013). Factors affecting the price of housing in Malaysia.Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and Banking,1(5), 414-429. Said, R., Adair, A., McGreal, S., Majid, R. (2014). Inter-relationship between the housing market and housing finance system: evidence from Malaysia.International Journal of Strategic Property Management,18(2), 138-150. Samikon, S., Ismail, Z. U. L. H. A. B. R. I., Hashim, A., Nasir, N. (2013). Managing adaptation in low-cost public housing: A conceptual framework.Energy, Environmental and Structural Engineering Series,9. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.

A New Kind of Hero free essay sample

I constantly have dreams where I am a superhero. When I’m unconscious, Super Me is wide awake; swiftly diffusing through solid walls, shooting electricity from her hands, and simply tensing her body to become invisible. She can briskly shove off the ground to fly into the air and create a flame with the snap of her fingers. But when daylight breaks, so does the illusion, as I do not exchange my regular civilian pajamas to don knee high boots and a cape. Instead, I wake up, and reach for my laptop. The tedious task of discovering what to write I usually find an impossible one, filled with un-bloomed characters, tangled plots, and chipped away endings. But when I have these dreams it’s completely different. It’s as if these stories arrive in my head each night already perfectly concocted and taped together, the only thing left to do is write them down. We will write a custom essay sample on A New Kind of Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It almost seems as if I’m cheating the game of writing, selfishly using these premade dreams as the mold for stories of my own. I don’t even find myself thinking ahead or trying to plan anything out, because the only thing that matters is getting every super thing I know out of my head and onto the page. This Super Me I create is an inflated version of myself. If I am a balloon, she is the epitome of my own personal blimp. I write her to have everything I will ever want, and be everything I wish to be. Super Me is independent, yet self conscious, strong willed and yet still relatable. She always has a sarcastic comeback to retort to her enemy, and an inspirational phrase to quote as she comfortingly rubs her friend’s back. She is my own self created role model, helping me see when I have lost my glasses, and giving me a voice when I have a story to tell. So my real life superpowers are hardly as exciting or infinite as my characters’. No, I can’t exactly stop time or teleport or manipulate luck or hypnotize. I can’t lift buildings or reflexively fade into invisibility. But I do have the power over my words, wielding the ability to phrase them in ways in which no one else can. I have the ability to spark ideas that will be sure to cause a reaction. At first I was embarrassed. I would never share my work, let alone tell people I write for fun in my spare time. But now I love when people hate what I’ve written, or if they think I’m weird. I love when they have such a strong opinion their only drive to continue reading my work is simply to have more to prod at. Whether it’s a negative or positive impact, I’ve discovered that my real life superpower is the ability to provoke thought. Sometimes heroes can come to you when you least expect it. They have been known to appear when one is distraught or frightened, and told to find you when you’re lost and scared of the dark unknown. Many peo ple idly wait for their hero. I make one for myself. Maybe writing myself as a fictional superhero shows the type of person I am. It shows me that I don’t need my own idol or role model like most people my age constantly feel like they do. Maybe my own real life hero is me. I believe it’s time to show this world how super I really am.

Violence On Television Essays - Dispute Resolution, Crime

Violence on Television "There was murderers going around killing lots of people and stealing jewelry." This quote comes from the mouth of an eight year old girl after watching the evening news on television. The eight year old girl claims that she is afraid "when there is a murder near because you never know if he could be in town" (Cullingford, 61). A recent report from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) pools evidence from over 2,500 studies within the last decade on over 100,000 subjects from several nations to show that the compiled evidence of television's influence on behavior is so "overwhelming" that there is a consensus in the research community that "violence on television does lead to aggressive behavior" (Methvin, 49). Given that the majority of scientific community agrees that "the research findings of the NIMH publication support conclusion of a causal relationship between television violence and aggressive behavior" (Wurtzel, 21), why is it that "the Saturday morning "kid vid ghetto" is the most violent time on T.V." (Methvin, 49), and that "despite slight variations over the past decade, the amount of violence on television has remained at consistently high levels" (Wurtzel, 23)? Why is it that, like the tobacco companies twenty years ago, the present day television broadcasting companies refuse to consent that violent films and programming can and do have harmful effects on their viewers (Rowland, 280) What can be done to combat the stubborn minded broadcasting companies and to reduce the amount of violent scenes that infest the current air waves? The television giants of today, such as ABC, CBS, and NBC continue to air violent shows, because they make money off of these programs. In general, society finds scenes of violence "simply exciting" (Feshbach, 12). Broadcasting companies argue that "based on the high ratings, they are giving the public what it wants, and therefore are serving the public interest" (Time, 77). Michael Howe states: "We have to remember that children and adults do enjoy and do choose to watch those programs that contain violence" (48). At the same time, however, we must also remember the undeniable truth that "there is clear evidence between television violence and later aggressive behavior" (Palmer, 120). Because violent television has been proven time and time again to play an active role toward inciting hostile behavior in children, the level of combative programming must be reduced. The media argument that high ratings correspond with the public's best interest is simply not valid. Even the American Medical Association agrees that the "link between televised violence and later aggressive behavior warrants a major organized cry of protest from the medical profession" (Palmer, 122). The issue of the public's infatuation with television can be paralleled with that of a young child and his desire for candy and "junk foods." The child enjoys eating such foods, though they produce the harmful effects of rotting away at his teeth. With a parent to limit his intake of such harmful sweets, however, the child is protected from their damage. Similarly, the American public desires to view violent programs at the risk of adapting induced aggressive behaviors. Because the networks refuse to act as a "mother," and to limit the amount of violence shown on television, there are no restrictions to prevent television's violent candy from rotting away at the teeth of society. Harry Skornia claims that "it is naive and romantic to expect a corporation to have either a heart of a soul in the struggle for profits and survival" (34). But who, then, is to take responsibility for the media's actions if not the industry itself? Because there has not been any sufficient answers to this question so far, "television violence has not diminished greatly; nor have Saturday morning programs for children, marked by excessively violent cartoons, changed much for the better" (Palmer, 125). One may ask: "Why can't the government or the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) intervene to control the amount of violent programming that currently circulates during most broadcasting hours?" Edward Palmer states: "The FCC's reluctance to regulate - especially directly about violent content - is consistent with that of many other groups. Because the First Amendment guarantees freedom of the press, no direct censorship os programming has ever been advocated by responsible groups concerned with the problem of television violence" (124). The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) holds fast to its claim that there are no scientific findings that show a link between television violence and unusually violent behavior in children (Rowland, 279). The network executives at ABC express the ideals that "they are self-confident about the lack

Mariana Trench Facts and Location

Mariana Trench Facts and Location The Mariana Trench (also called the Marianas Trench) is the deepest part of the ocean. This trench lies in an area where two of the Earths plates- the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate- come together. The Pacific plate dives under the Philippine plate, which also partially gets pulled along. It is also thought that water can be carried with it, and may contribute to strong earthquakes by hydrating rock and lubricating the plates, which might lead to a sudden slip. There are many trenches in the ocean, but because of the location of this trench, it is the deepest. The Mariana Trench is located in an area of old seafloor, made up of lava, which is dense and causes the seafloor to settle further. Plus, since the trench is so far away from any rivers, it does not get filled with sediment like many other oceanic trenches, which also contributes to its extreme depth. Location The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Philippines and about 120 miles east of the Mariana Islands. In 2009, President Bush declared the area surrounding Mariana Trench as a wildlife refuge, called the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, which covers approximately 95,216 square miles. Size The trench is 1,554 miles long and 44 miles wide. The trench is more than 5 times wider than it is deep. The deepest point of the trench- which is known as the Challenger Deep- is almost 7 miles (over 36,000 feet) deep and is a bathtub-shaped depression. The trench is so deep that at the bottom that the water pressure is eight tons per square inch. Water Temperature The water temperature in the deepest part of the ocean is a chilly 33-39 degrees Fahrenheit- just above freezing. Life in the Trench The bottom of deep areas like the Mariana Trench is composed of an ooze made up of the shells of plankton. While the trench and areas like it havent been fully explored, we know that there are organisms that can survive at this depth, including bacteria, microorganisms, protists (foraminifera, xenophyophores, shrimp-like amphipods, and possibly even some fish. Exploring the Trench The first trip to the Challenger Deep was made by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh in 1960. They didnt spend much time at the bottom, and couldnt see much as their sub kicked up too much sediment, but they did report seeing some flatfish. Voyages to the Mariana Trench have been made since then to map the area and collect samples, but humans had not been to the deepest point in the trench until 2012. In March 2012, James Cameron successfully completed the first solo, human mission to the Challenger Deep. Sources Alden, Andrew. 2009. Why the Mariana Trench is So Deep.Dohrer, Elizabeth. 2012. Mariana Trench: The Deepest Depths. LiveScience.Jackson, Nicholas. 2011. Racing to the Bottom: Exploring the Deepest Point on Earth. The Atlantic.Lovett, Richard A. 2012. How the Mariana Trench Became the Earths Deepest Point. National Geographic Daily News.NASA Earth Observatory. 2012. New View of the Deepest Trench.Roach, John. 2005. Life is Found Thriving at Oceans Deepest Point. National Geographic.USGS. Understanding Plate Motions.

HRM2013 Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HRM2013 Human Resource Management - Essay Example The structure of the organization will determine the responsibilities, reporting structure and hierarchy. Organizational structure varies depending on locations, nature of business and people. It helps in arranging people and jobs to meet the requirements of the management. The structure of the organization impacts the workplace culture and employee behavior, motivation, performance, job satisfaction. (About Organizational Structure, n.d) There are 3 different types of organizational structures that are used in fast food companies depending on the size, technology and span of control; they are Bureaucratic Organizational structure: This form is often found rigid and inflexible as they are not accustomed to changes. Network structure Functional Organizational structure (Walter, 2011) Chuck E Cheese is one of the best fast food joints which are not present in the UK. It’s a great place for the kids as there are many attractions such as games and rides. Most of the fast food join ts adopt a very traditional organizational structure to their outlets. To establish Chuck E Cheese in the UK, it is best to have a centralized organizational structure where decisions are made by the top management. For chuck e cheese to enter the UK market, it is important to utilize a multinational strategy which helps the company to develop products that would reach the UK market. It helps the company to adapt to the local trends. If chuck E Cheese is to enter the UK market, it is better it practices a decentralized organizational structure where in decision making can be made by lower level management. This provides an opportunity for the top management to focus on other issues as opposed to looking over subunit level details. (Organizational Issues in Strategy, n.d) II. Employee Relations It is very important to have a good employer employee relationship as it helps in communicating issues, views and other requirements. Managers play a crucial role in maintaining good employee relations. The public sector organization considered is the British Council. This organization has well laid staff policies and procedures which includes the following- The employer employee relationship Industrial relations Grievances Discipline Confidentiality and Integrity The supervisors of the British council are given the primary responsibility in managing staff; recruitment; motivation; health safety and staff welfare; recognition and reward programs. At the British Council, the employee relations are based on equality of opportunity. There is a two way communication between the employees and the management. If there has been any deviation in the British Council policy, the reason must be clearly justified to the human resource department. There are number of factors that affect the relationship between the employees and the supervisors such as- Policies and procedures of the company Company’s internal values and standards Contractual agreement Social norms One of the main important employee policies is to provide equal opportunities to all irrespective of

VIsiting Los Angeles County Museum of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

VIsiting Los Angeles County Museum of Art - Essay Example There were lots of permanent art collections, art galleries and dress exhibitions which I got an opportunity to see Matisse in one. In one building, the Ahmanson, the modern art collections displayed works that went all the way from back in 1900. I loved most David Hackneys’ works which ranged from paintings which spoke a thousand words about people and all the more to nature. I also was intrigued by the truth in art being everywhere. I discovered this as I moved from one piece of art to another and nature, people, common objects, Paintings, music and films revealed art. This is something I had learnt in class though I had really doubted. This visit ascertained this without a doubt. I did not however enjoy this one aspect where every piece of art had a placard giving its name though it did not give sufficient information concerning the art and the artist behind it. And can you imagine I had to pay $11 for iced tea and a bun! This was not funny at all. A serious stereotype I had before I visited this place was that it is a cultural wasteland and it made me not even think about visiting it for such a very long time. Through this project, I discovered that this is just but a lie and that contrary to it; this place is so beautiful and is so rich in culture. Am actually planning to visit it again now that I can’t say I explored it to my

Bees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bees - Research Paper Example The tiny bees may appear to be aggressive in nature but, are yielding so many benefits in the form of honey and wax. For all the women out there, one be should be thankful to these tiny insects as they have been taking care of an individual’s skin for a very long time. As one all are familiar with the common role of bees which is the pollination, some other useful role of bees include its antibacterial effect, its skin care benefits and who can forget the sweetest role of bees which is the making of honey. There are approximately 20,000 species of these little insects, the bees. The tiny creatures can be found in every part of the world but not in Antarctica. European honey bee is the most widely known specie of bees. As the human nature forces him to keep himself abreast about everything that happens around so, the human being could not resist to extract the benefits out of the honey bee. Today, beekeeping is being carried out by human beings to manage the benefits out of honey bee. Bee keeping is necessary to take care of the population of these useful creatures. Check out how one can benefit from this little creature but, do not forget to give it some space too. As far as the question is concerned how to give space to bees then the answer to it is simple! Drill deep holes into a large pine block and place a roof over it. The bee box is ready. Later, place this bee box in such an area where pollination is required. After one are done with this kind gesture, it is time to contribute in boosting pollination. This initiative will help one to ensure that maximum number of plants are building an active reproduction and producing fruits. Honey bees are required by the plants for an efficient as well as effective reproduction. Mason bees also actively play their part in pollination but, they do not produce honey. Carpenter bees are very helpful as they pollinate those plants which are not pollinated by honey bees. Please do not get wild upon seeing a bee

Audiovisual Translation Avt

Audiovisual Translation Avt What is audiovisual translation. Audiovisual translation is defined as the translation of recorded audiovisual material (Karamitroglou, 2000, p. 2). The concept of recordedness underlines the fact that there is a difference between the translation of recorded film products and the simultaneous subtitling or revoicing which should be regarded as a type of interpretation (Karamitroglou, 2000). AVT is also known as screen translation or film translation. Screen translation stresses on the location of the medium where the translation product appears (e.g., TV, cinema or video screen). On this basis, the translation of websites which can be viewed on computer monitors is considered as a type of screen translation. Film translation, on the other hand, is a restricted term due to some researchers who limit the term film to full-length feature films; namely, movies and sometimes only cinema movies. According to this view, the concept of film does not include series, sports programs and docum entaries. In AVT, the audio and visual aspects of communication are focused (Karamitroglou, 2000). Unlike books, radio, telephone or sign language which only use one semiotic channel, audiovisual communication benefits simultaneously from both the acoustic channel through air vibrations and the visual channel through light waves (Delabastita, 1989). 1.2. Translation theory and AVT The consideration of AVT as a subfield of translation Studies may lead to raise a number of questions. Oshea (1996) distinguishes between AVT and (written) literary translation as the main objective of general translation theory because of a set of limitations which root in the audio-visual nature of the target and original products. These limitations can be considered as: a) temporal constraints in revoicing, b) spatiotemporal constraints in subtitling, c) the accompanying visual source-culture elements in both revoicing and subtitling, d) the accompanying aural source-language elements in subtitling, e) the lip-sync imperative in dubbing, f) the cross semiotic nature of subtitling, and g) the inability of backtracking (with the exception of video) in both subtitling and revoicing (p. 240). These parameters may result in the consideration of audiovisual translation as adaptation rather than translation (Delabastita, 1989). What makes translation vs. adaptation a problematic issue is not merely a property of audiovisual translation; in fact, quite a few translated or adapted texts have raised the same issue within the field of literary translation (Delabastita, 1989). What plays a pivotal role in this case is the attitude we choose in defining the term translation. Considering Tourys definition of translation as any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds (1985, p. 20), we can freely include AVT as a part of translation studies. Karamitroglou (2000) presents the following set of reasons to emphasize on the inclusion of AVT as a part of translation studies: a) Audiovisual translation has more in common with written translation than one might primarily assume (Whitman-Linsen, 1992:103). Most audiovisual translations at the present time are performed with a written form of the original source text in hand (cf. Remael, 1995:128), sometimes even without any further access to the film product itself. b) Typological studies in audiovisual translation have previously managed to present the various audiovisual language transfer methods within the general frame of translation studies and along with the other traditional language transfer methods, in a coherent and scientific way, on the basis of the multiplicity of the semiotic channels involved and the relative time of presentation of the source and target products (Gottlieb, 1994b:271; Gottlieb, 1998:246; cf. Delabastita, 1989:199). Other studies in audiovisual translation have revealed connections between certain audiovisual language transfer methods and established concepts from general translation theory, as for example with subtitling and overt translation (Ascheid, 1997:35). c) Audiovisual translation was born out of the same drive that conducted literary translation: the necessity to overcome the communication barriers imposed by linguistic fragmentation (Luyken et al., 1991:3). d) Just as it is the discovery of the hierarchy of factors (constraints, parameters) which operate in translation processes, procedures and products which constitutes a major task for translation theory (Even-Zohar Toury, 1981:ix), the discovery of a similar chain of the factors that function within audiovisual translation is also the task of audiovisual translation theory. (p. 11) 1.3. Branches of AVT A quite number of various taxonomies have been made for AVT among which the one prepared by Luyken et al. (1991) is known as the most outstanding. His suggested subfields for AVT are as follow: a) lip-sync dubbing, b) voice-over/narration, and c) free-commentary. (p. 40) Gambier (1994) also presents the following audiovisual language transfer methods: a) subtitling, b) simultaneous subtitling, c) dubbing, d) interpreting (pre-recorded and consecutive), e) voice-over, f) narration, g) commentary, h) multilingual broadcast, i) surtitles and supratitles/supertitles, and j) simultaneous translation. (p. 277) 1.4. Subtitling Subtitling can be defined as the translation of the spoken (or written) source text of an audiovisual product into a written target text which is added onto the images of the original product, usually at the bottom of the screen (Gottlieb, 1994a; Gottlieb, 1998: Luyken et al., 1991; Delabastita, 1989; qtd. by Karamitroglou, 2000, p. 5). It can be both intralingual (or vertical), when the target language and the source language are the same, and interlingual (or diagonal), when the target language and the source language are different (Gottlieb, 1994; Gottlieb, 1998; qtd. by Karamitroglo, 2000). Subtitles can be open, when the target text constitutes a physical part of the translated film and is transmitted in addition to the film sound and image, or closed, when the target text is stored in a digital/teletext format which is transmitted in as well as accessed via a separately coded channel at the discretion of the viewers (Luyken et al., 1991; Gottlieb, 1998; qtd. by Karamitroglou, 2000). Subtitles are different from displays which are fragments of text recorded by camera letters, newspapers, headlines, banners etc. (Gottlieb, 1994a; qtd. by Karamitroglou, 2000) or captions (or toptitles) which are pieces of textual information usually inserted by the programme maker to identify names, places or dates relevant to the story line (Luyken et al., 1991; cf. Gottlieb, 1994a; qtd. by Karamitroglou, 2000, p. 5). In this thesis, subtitling refers to interlingual open subtitling which does not include displays or captions. 1.5. The concept of metaphor Metaphor is a trope based on which one thing is spoken of as if it is another thing. It is the permanent feature of language. The ability to understand and produce metaphor is the characteristic of mature linguistic competence so that metaphors are used in intelligence test or to evaluate creativity. Metaphor is basically used to state the experiences and concepts that literal language does not seem to be sufficient for their expression. Therefore, it happens to increase the range of articulation in language. Metaphor can refer to a novel and at the same time amazing use in language (e.g., He slept off the fumes of vanity). I van also refer to the frequently-used terms in the form of conventional metaphors (e.g., I see as I understand); or completely known dead metaphors (e.g., to grasp a concept). Whether occupied with metaphors novel or commonplace, theorists of language and of cognition have come to recognize that no understanding of language and linguistic capacities is complete without an adequate account of metaphor (Asher, R. E., 1994, p. 2452). 1.6. Purpose of metaphor The most important rhetorical function of metaphor is to stimulate imagination, to arose feelings and to prompt action (Elliot, 1984). Metaphors are applied to beautify the ordinary language and to increase the effect of language use. Moreover, they express our intended concept in a more subtle way. In this case, metaphors highlight a particular feature of a phenomenon while leaving out other aspects in a way that we look at the phenomenon in hand form a certain angle. For example, in Life is a stage we merely look at life as a stage regardless of its other features like sorrow, pain and the like. Newmark (1981) believes that the main and one serious purpose of metaphor is to describe an entity, event or quality more comprehensively and concisely and in a more complex way than is possible by using literal language. The process is initially emotive, since by referring to one object in terms of another (a wooden face, starry-eyed), one appears to be telling a lie; original metaphors are often dramatic and shocking in effect, and , since they establish points of similarity between one object and another without explicitly stating what these resemblances are, they appear to be imprecise if not inaccurate, since they have indeterminate and undeterminable frontiers. (p. 84) Newmark (1981) states that I have never seen this purpose of metaphor stated in any textbook, dictionary or encyclopedia. The issue is clouded by the idea of metaphor as an ornament, as a figure of speech, or trope, as the process of implying a resemblance between one object and another, as a poetic device. Further linguists assume that scientific or technological texts will contain mainly literal language, illustrated by an occasional simile(a more cautious form of metaphor), whilst the purpose of metaphor is merely to live up other types of text, to make them more colourful, dramatic and witty, notoriously in journalism. All emotive expression depends on metaphor, being mainly figurative language tempered by psychological terms. If metaphor is used for the purpose of colouring language (rather than sharpening it in order to describe the life of the world or the mind more accurately), it cannot be taken all that seriously. ( p. 84) 1.7. Definition of metaphor The term metaphor roots in the Greek word metaphora which includes two parts: meta meaning over and pherein meaning to carry. It refers to a particular set of linguistic processes whereby aspects of one object are carried over or transferred to another object, so that the second object is spoken of as if it were the first (Terence Hawkes, 1972, p. 1). The earliest definition of metaphor had been presented by Aristotles The Poetics- quoted by I. A. Richards (1965) as a shift carrying over a word from its normal use to a new one (p. 89). As it can be viewed, this definition is so broad that can contain other figures of speech such as allegory, synecdoche, metonymy and the like. Most dictionaries refer to metaphor as a way of expressing something through the establishment of a comparison between that thing and another thing and without using the words like or as. The Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD) defines metaphor as the application of a name or a descriptive term or a phrase to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable (e.g., a glaring error, and food for thought). The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines the metaphor as a way of describing something by comparing it to something else that has similar qualities without using the words like or as (e.g., the sunshine of her smile). In brief, metaphor as a figure of speech belongs to rhetoric. It helps us to use a word, which denotes a certain meaning, figuratively to refer to another meaning. This is basically done through a likeness or analogy between two things. Other definitions of metaphor taken from the Purdue Universitys OWL (1995) include: The act of giving a thing a name that belongs to something else. The transferring of things and words from their proper significance to an improper similitude for the sake of beauty necessity, polish, or emphasis. A device for seeing something in terms of something else. Understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another. A simile contracted to its smallest dimensions. 1.8. Structure of metaphors In the view of I. A. Rechards (1936; qtd. in Wikipedia), metaphor has two parts: the tenor and vehicle. The tenor is the subject to which attributes are assigned. The vehicle is the subject from which the attributes are borrowed. Other writers use the general terms ground and figure to denote what Richards identified as the tenor and vehicle. In All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players, the phrases the world and men and women are respectively tenor and vehicle. Larson (1998) believes that metaphor is a figure of speech which is based on a comparison. Accordingly, he states that metaphor is a grammatical form which presents two propositions in its semantic structure. Each proposition includes a topic and a comment about that topic. In John is tall, John is topic and is tall is comment. Translating a metaphor is highly dependent on analyzing that metaphor and discovering the two propositions in its semantic structure. The relation between two propositions is comparison which can be detected in the comments of two propositions. Comments may be alike or identical. In John is a beam pole, the two propositions in the semantic structure can be discussed as follow: 1. John is tall 2. A beam pole is tall. Here, the topic of the first propositions compared with the topic of the second. Comments are identical. The topic in the second propositions often called image. The point of similarity exists in the comments. Therefore, metaphor has four parts (see Beekman and Callow 1974 for more discussion): Topic: the topic of the first proposition (nonfigurative), i.e., the thing really being talked about. Image: the topic of the second proposition (figurative), i.e., what it is being compared with. Point of similarity: found in the comments of the both of the propositions involved or the comment of the EVENT proposition which has the image as the topic. Nonfigurative equivalent: when the proposition containing the topic is an EVENT proposition, the COMMENT is the nonfigurative equivalent. According to the above-mentioned points, the propositions in The moon is blood are as follows: 1. The moon is red. 2. The blood is red. An analysis on these propositions can lead us to the following results: Topic: moon Image: blood Point of similarity: red In The righteous judge will give you the crown of life, the metaphor includes a sentence which is encoding an event proposition. Hence, four parts should be discovered here: 1. (The officials) give (the victorious athlete) a crown. 2. (God), who judges righteously, will give you (eternal life). Topic: God who judges righteously Image: officials Point of similarity: receive a reward for doing well Nonfigurative meaning: will give you eternal life What looks helpful in analyzing metaphors is to write down the propositions which make a vital role in the comparison. It includes topic, image, point of similarity and nonfigurative meaning (in case of Event Propositions). In fact, an adequate translation is only possible when the above points have been clearly discovered. Besides the up-coming view, Newmark (1981) has also considered the following parts in the structure of a metaphor: a) Object that is, the item which is explained by the metaphor (Refered to by Beekman and Callow (1974) as topic). b) Image that is, the item in terms of which the object is explained (Richards vehicle). c) Sense that is, Richards tenor, Beekman and Callows point of similarity, which illustrates in what particular aspects the object and the image are similar. d) Metaphor the word(s) taken from the image. e) Metonym a one-word image which places the object, which may later turn into a dead metaphor, e.g. the fin of a motor cycle. In many cases, a metonym is figurative but not metaphorical, since the image distinguishes an outstanding feature of the object. It may also be a synecdoche (the seven seas is the whole world) which the translator may have to clarify within the text, and would normalize. (p. 85) 1.9. Types of metaphor Metaphors have been taxonomized in different ways. A more commonly identified taxonomy of metaphors is as follow (Wikipedia): a) A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of a transferred image is not present. Examples: to grasp a concept or to gathered what youve understood Both of these phrases use a physical action as a metaphor for understanding (itself a metaphor0, but in none of these cases do most people of English actually visualize the physical action. Dead metaphors, by definition, normally go unnoticed. Some people make a distinction between a dead metaphor whose origin most speakers are entirely unaware of (such as to understand meaning to get underneath a concept), and a dormant metaphor, whose metaphorical character people are aware of but rarely think about (such as to break the ice). Others, however, use dead metaphor for both of these concepts, and use it more generally as a way of describing metaphorical cliche. b) An extended metaphor, or conceit, sets up a principal subject with several subsidiary subjects or comparisons. The above quote from As You Like It is a very good example. The world is described as a stage and then men and women are subsidiary subjects that are further described in the same context. c) A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification that is inconsistent with the first one. Example: He stepped up to the plate and grabbed the ball by the horns, where two commonly used metaphoric grounds for highlighting the concept of taking action are confused to create a nonsensical image. The following is another less common classification of metaphors which is not universally accepted (Wikipedia): a) An absolute or paralogical metaphor (sometimes called an anti-metaphor) is one in which there is no discernible point of resemblance between the idea and the image. Example: The couch is the autobahn of the living room. b) An active metaphor is one which by contrast to a dead metaphor, is not part of daily language and is noticeable as a metaphor. c) A complex metaphor is one which mounts one identification on another. Example: That throws some light on the question. Throwing light is a metaphor and there is no actual light. d) A compound or loose metaphor is one that catches the mind with several points of similarity. Examples: He has the wild stags foot. This phrase suggests grace and speed as well as daring. e) A dying metaphor is a derogatory term coined by George Orwell in his essay Politics and the English Language. Orwell defines a dying metaphor as a metaphor that is not dead (dead metaphors are different, as they are treated like ordinary words), but has been worn out and is used because it saves people the trouble of inventing an original phrase for themselves. In short, a clichà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡. Example: Achilles heel. Orwell suggests that writers scan their work for such dying forms that they have seen regularly before in print and replace them with alternative language patterns. f) An epic metaphor or Homeric simile is an extended metaphor containing details about the vehicle that are not, in fact, necessary for the metaphoric purpose. This can be extended to humorous lengths, for instance: This is a crisis. A large crisis. In fact, if youve got a moment, its a twelve-story crisis with a magnificent entrance hall, carpeting throughout, 24-hour porterage and an enormous sign on the roof saying This Is a Large Crisis.'(Blackadder) g) An implicit metaphor is one in which the tenor is not specified but implied. Example: Shut your trap! Here, the mouth of the listener is the unspecified tenor. h) An implied or unstated metaphor is a metaphor not explicitly stated or obvious that compares two things by using adjectives that commonly describe one thing, but are used to describe another comparing the two. An example: Golden baked skin, comparing bakery goods to skin or green blades of nausea, comparing green grass to the pallor of a nausea-stic person or leafy golden sunset comparing the sunset to a tree in the fall. i) A simple or tight metaphor is one in which there is but one point of resemblance between the tenor and vehicle. Example: Cool it. In this example, the vehicle, Cool, is a temperature and nothing else, so the tenor, it, can only be grounded to the vehicle by one attribute. j) A submerged metaphor is one in which the vehicle is implied, or indicated by one aspect. Example: my winged thought. Here, the audience must supply the image of the bird. k) A synecdochic metaphor is a trope that is both a metaphor and a synecdoche in which a small part of something is chosen to represent the whole so as to highlight certain elements of the whole. For example a pair of ragged claws represents a crab in T.S. Eliots The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Describing the crab in this way gives it the attributes of sharpness and savagery normally associated with claws. Black (1962a) believes that the only entrenched classification is grounded in the trite opposition between dead and live metaphors. On this basis, he asserts that this is no more helpful than, say, treating a corpse as a special case of a person: A so- called dead metaphor is not a metaphor at all, but merely an expression that no longer has a pregnant metaphorical use. His classification of metaphors is as follow: 1. Extinct metaphors whose etymologies, genuine or fanciedÃÆ' ¿propose a metaphor beyond resuscitation (a muscle as a little mouse, musculus) 2. Dormant metaphors where the original, now usually unnoticed, metaphor can be usefully restored (obligation as involving some kind of bondage) 3. Active metaphors that are, and are perceived to be, actively metaphoric (p. 25) Black (1962a) also distinguishes between two types of active metaphor: an emphatic metaphor whose producer will allow no variation upon or substitute for the words used, and a resonant metaphor which supports a high degree of implicative elaboration. (p. 26) Newmark (1988) considers the following six types of metaphors in his suggested taxonomy: a) Dead metaphor which frequently relates to universal terms of space and time, the main part of the body, general ecological features and the main human activities. Dead metaphors have lost their figurative value through overuse and their images are hardly evident (e.g., reflect as think and shine as excel). b) Clichà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ metaphor is usually known to be a murky area between dead and stock metaphor which consists of two types of stereotyped collocations; figurative adjective plus literal noun (simplex metaphor), as in filthy lucre; or figurative verb plus figurative noun (complex metaphor), as in explore all avenues, leave no stone unturned, and stick out a mile. This type of metaphor has outlived its usefulness, and is used as a substitute for clear thought, often emotively, but without corresponding to the facts of the matter. c) Stock or standard metaphor is an established metaphor, which in an informal context is an efficient and concise method of covering a physical and/or mental situation both referentially and pragmatically. Unlike dead metaphors, a stock metaphor is not deadened by overuse. Examples of this kind of metaphor include: she wears the trousers and he plays second fiddle. d) Adapted metaphor usually includes proverbs or is actually a stock metaphor that has been adapted into a new context by its speaker or writer (e.g., almost carrying coals to Newcastle). e) Recent metaphor is produced through coining and spreads rapidly in the source language (e.g., pissed as drunk, fuzz as police, spastic as stupid, skin as bankrupt, and greenback as note). f) Original metaphor is created or quoted by the SL writer, and in the broad sense, contains the core of an important writers message, his personality, his comment on life. Examples are lets weight the night of a village, the slumber of a gazelle, and I can hear the clear sound of solitude, opening and closing its window, and where the Norweyen banners flout the sky, and fan our people cold. (p. 106-112) 1.10. How to interpret metaphors Larson (1998) believes that understanding metaphors is not always an easy task. A literal or word-for-word translation of metaphors in target language may lead to a partial or complete misunderstanding on the part of readers. On this ground, he presents a number of reasons to emphasize on the fact that the translation of metaphors is not always an easy task and literal translation of metaphors, in some cases, might not be the adequate one. These reasons are as follows: First, there is a possibility that the image of metaphor is unknown in the receptor language. For example, I washed my clothes snow white might be meaningless in some parts of the South Pacific because people in these religions have no idea about snow; instead, the images in seashell white or bone white are quite comprehensible for these people. Lack of clearance over the topic of a metaphor may result in some problems for readers. In The tide turned against the government, the phrase public opinion has been left implicit and hence is kind of vague for readers. The hardness in understanding metaphors may be due to the implicit concept of the point of similarity. For example, the point of similarity is uncertain in a sentence like He is a pig.A reference to pig may connotes different concepts such as dirty, gluttony, stubborn and the like in different cultures. An even more serious problem is that the point of similarity may be understood in two cultures in two entirely different ways so that one certain image may be used with different meanings. In different cultures, a sentence like John is a rock may convey different meanings such as He is still, He cant talk, He is always there or He is very strong. Linking a person to ship may raise a wide variety of images in different cultures (e.g., long-haired man, a drunkard, a person who doesnt answer back, one who just follow without thinking and a young fellow waiting for girls to follow him). Therefore, it can be concluded that a literal translation for He is a ship without determining the point of similarity will be misleading in the second language. On the other hand, the comparison in Target Language (TL) may be done in a different way compared to that of Source Language (SL). For example, despite of the SL metaphor in There was a storm in the national parliament yesterday, storm may have never been used in the receptor language to speak of a heated debate. Keeping this metaphor in the translation, we will have no choice but to replace the image of the SL metaphor (a storm at sea) with a familiar equivalent image for TL readers (e.g., fire to refer to heated debate). Languages differ in how they produce metaphors and how often they use them. If the production of new metaphors is a common issue in a language, it is possible to create new metaphors when translating to that language. However, one should be assured that the newly-made metaphor will be practical in the receptor language. There are other languages, as well, with a very low frequencyin producing metaphors. For such languages, direct translation of SL metaphors may result in the hardness of understanding on the part of SL readers. In languages with high frequency of metaphor usage, most images have already had metaphorical meanings. Therefore, using an image in a different way in the Source Text may cause misunderstanding due to its difference with the accepted common image in the receptor language. For Example, the literal translation of John is a rock when it means He is severe in the SL and he has hard muscles in the TL will only make wrong meaning. 1.11. How to translate metaphors The translation of metaphors has always been focused by translation experts and linguists due to The problems in the way of understanding and interpreting metaphors and their direct influence on translating this figure of speech. Accordingly, Larson (1998) suggests the following strategies for translating metaphors: 1. The metaphor may be kept if the receptor language permits (that is, if it sounds natural and is understood correctly by the readers) 2. A metaphor may be translated as a simile (adding like or as) 3. A metaphor of the receptor language which has the same meaning may be substituted 4. The metaphor may be kept and the meaning explained (that is, the topic and/or point of similarity may be added) 5. The meaning of the metaphor may be translated without keeping the metaphorical imagery (p. 277-279) Newmark (1988b) has also presented seven strategies to translate metaphors. These strategies which could won the attention of language and translation experts and later will be focused in this thesis to process its data are as follows: 1. Reproducing the same image in the TL 2. Replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image which does not clash with the TL culture 3. Translation of metaphor by simile, retaining the image 4. Translation of metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense, or occasionally metaphor plus sense 5. Conversion of metaphor to sense 6. Deletion. If the metaphor is redundant or serves no practical purpose, there is a case for its deletion, together with its sense component 7. Translation of metaphor by the same metaphor combined with sense. The addition of a gloss or an explanation by the translator is to ensure that the metaphor will be understood (p. 107) 1.12. Rationale of this study Cinema is considered as one of the most influential media in the field of culture. What gives cinema such a high status is not merely due to its great potential in entertaining its audience. It is a medium which sends rather important messages to the people of a community or peoples in different communities. These messages can cover a wide range of issues including science, imagination, religion, morality, culture and the like. On the other hand, language is known to be among the most outstanding ways of transferring such messages particularly in the field of culture. Thus, the study of subtitling metaphors in cinema movies could be significant in different ways. Metaphors have been long regarded as cases of untranslatability. This is mostly due to their unique structure based on which one cannot guess the meaning of a metaphor from its constituent parts. So the matter of subtitling metaphors turns to reveal unique features and constraints. Another outstanding point about the translation of metaphors is in regard with their role as the key cultural components in language. Metaphors root in the culture of a nation so th

Hercules: 12 Labors Of Hercules :: essays research papers

Hercules: 12 Labors of Hercules Hercules, in Greek mythology, was a hero known for his strength and courage and for his legendary adventures. Hercules is the Roman name for the Greek hero Heracles. He was the son of the god Zeus and a human mother Alcmene, wife of the Theban general Amphitryon. Hera, Zeus' jealous wife, was determined to kill Hercules, and after Hercules was born, she sent two great serpents to kill him. Hercules, while he was still a baby, strangled the snakes. Hercules conquered a tribe that had been demanding money from Thebes. As a reward, he was given the hand in marriage of the Theben princess Megara and they had three children. Hera, still filled hatred of Hercules, sent him into madness, which made him kill his wife and children. In horror and remorse at what he did, Hercules was about to kill himself. But he was told by the oracle at Delphi that he should purge himself by becoming the servant of his cousin Eurystheus, king of Mycenae. Eurystheus, urged by Hera, planned as a punishment the 12 impossible tasks, the "Labors of Hercules." The Twelve Labors The first task was to kill the lion of Nemea, a lion that could not be hurt by any weapon. Hercules knocked out the lion with his club first, then he strangled it to death. He wore the skin of the lion as a cloak and the head of the lion as a helmet, a trophy of his adventure. The second task was to kill the Hydra that lived in a swamp in Lerna. The Hydra had nine heads. One head was immortal and when one of the others was chopped off, two grew back in its place. Cancer, one of the Hydra's guards, bit Hercules on the foot when he came near, and was crushed by Hercules, but she was rescued by Hera. Hercules scorched each mortal neck with a burning torch to prevent it from growing two heads and he buried the immortal head under a rock. He then dipped his arrows in the Hydra's blood to make them poisonous. Hercules' next labor is to capture alive a stag with golden horns and bronze hoofs that was sacred to Artemis, goddess of the hunt. The fourth labor was to capture a great boar in Mount Erymanthus. Hercules used the poison arrows with the Hydra's blood to shoot at the Erymanthian boar. One of the poison arrows wounded Hercules' friend Cheiron, an immortal centaur, half-horse and half-man. Cheiron feared the poison arrow would hurt him for eternity, but Zeus rewarded him for his service to the gods by Hercules: 12 Labors Of Hercules :: essays research papers Hercules: 12 Labors of Hercules Hercules, in Greek mythology, was a hero known for his strength and courage and for his legendary adventures. Hercules is the Roman name for the Greek hero Heracles. He was the son of the god Zeus and a human mother Alcmene, wife of the Theban general Amphitryon. Hera, Zeus' jealous wife, was determined to kill Hercules, and after Hercules was born, she sent two great serpents to kill him. Hercules, while he was still a baby, strangled the snakes. Hercules conquered a tribe that had been demanding money from Thebes. As a reward, he was given the hand in marriage of the Theben princess Megara and they had three children. Hera, still filled hatred of Hercules, sent him into madness, which made him kill his wife and children. In horror and remorse at what he did, Hercules was about to kill himself. But he was told by the oracle at Delphi that he should purge himself by becoming the servant of his cousin Eurystheus, king of Mycenae. Eurystheus, urged by Hera, planned as a punishment the 12 impossible tasks, the "Labors of Hercules." The Twelve Labors The first task was to kill the lion of Nemea, a lion that could not be hurt by any weapon. Hercules knocked out the lion with his club first, then he strangled it to death. He wore the skin of the lion as a cloak and the head of the lion as a helmet, a trophy of his adventure. The second task was to kill the Hydra that lived in a swamp in Lerna. The Hydra had nine heads. One head was immortal and when one of the others was chopped off, two grew back in its place. Cancer, one of the Hydra's guards, bit Hercules on the foot when he came near, and was crushed by Hercules, but she was rescued by Hera. Hercules scorched each mortal neck with a burning torch to prevent it from growing two heads and he buried the immortal head under a rock. He then dipped his arrows in the Hydra's blood to make them poisonous. Hercules' next labor is to capture alive a stag with golden horns and bronze hoofs that was sacred to Artemis, goddess of the hunt. The fourth labor was to capture a great boar in Mount Erymanthus. Hercules used the poison arrows with the Hydra's blood to shoot at the Erymanthian boar. One of the poison arrows wounded Hercules' friend Cheiron, an immortal centaur, half-horse and half-man. Cheiron feared the poison arrow would hurt him for eternity, but Zeus rewarded him for his service to the gods by

Marketing and Whirlpool Essay

1.What is the nature of Whirlpool’s domestic and international business environments? What types of risk does the firm face? As far as Whirlpool domestic and international business and its environment are concerned, it resembles a complex nature. However, it would be prudent for the sake of this case and it analysis that domestic and international market of whirlpool is defined and analyzed uniquely, so as to drive home the idea in each one of it for a far reaching understanding. To be precise in that capacity we feel that the degree of whirlpool domestic market alone defines an altogether different nature from its international market. In the simplistic sense from assimilating the given case, it is relevant to ponder upon the fact that domestic market of whirlpool is rather marked with intensive competition and challenges when laid emphasis upon from a macro and micro-economic aspects. Whirlpool domestic market is also faced with intense demands of its buyers in the domestic arena. There is reason enough that buyers should be demanding, given the uproar and stiff competitions from rival manufacturers which makes it so. Moreover, for a firm with an international presence buyer’s expectation in the domestic market is also rather extreme to a certain degree, and their behavior based on whirlpool products and its allied appliances at the domestic front also presents an altogether diverse perception and wide array of choice selection, given the presence of other manufacturing competitors that offers similar products and appliances for buyers. Given these features, it is relevant and cautious to conclude that the nature of whirlpool domestic market is marked by competition, challenges and most notably buyer’s perception and choice, which at the end of the day decides the nature of any given market. Secondly, considering the nature of whirlpool international market, we are of the opinion that whirlpool international marketing is focused on the global arena to reaps and harness the benefits that international market offers. From the given case it is clear that international marketing of whirlpool is rather hyper-active in a sense. To cite an example, the case of its international marketing operation that focuses on innovations, internal expansion and most importantly acquisition and tie-ups plus partnership designate the point to note. Add to it, given the stiff competition on the domestic front, whirlpool is quick enough to shift and focused its marketing on international market. What we can drive home the idea from assimilating these crucial facts of whirlpool international market environment and its nature can be laid emphasis to the point that whirlpool presence thereof served a different and altogether greater purpose. To drive the idea in that regard we can reason finally that the nature and characteristics of its international market is more standardized, risky, and presents a great variations in the uncontrollable environmental forces, which is not the case with domestic environment. Consumer’s behavior is also different, which presents a different picture altogether. Nonetheless, to differentiate the nature of whirlpool domestic and international market the primary differences can be laid emphasis upon marketing strategy. After all, international market is more risky, given the added complexities. Yet returns and scope from international market is much higher and the opportunity cost is also huge, which is why we feel despite the environmental risks whirlpool radiantly prefers internationalization for an altogether different ball game 2. How can Whirlpool benefit from going international? What types of advantages can the firm obtain? What advantages acquired abroad can help management improve Whirlpool’s performance in its home market? Going international have many unseen extremes and benefits. Marketing internationally present a wide array of opportunities, variations, scope, operation and strategic purpose and most importantly potentialities and market cap. Hence, considering the case of whirlpool, we are of the opinion that by going international the firm can primarily benefit abundantly from the so-called international market. Hence, it would be practical enough to list some advantages that whirlpool can obtain, which is as follows: International presence, global identity, brand recognition, and most importantly greater market cap, and large consumer presence. Secondly, acquisitions of other organizations as a means to further channelize and harness the innovation both intrinsically and extrinsically. Such an instance also can be cited from the given case study in which whirlpool is involved in the acquisition and merger Maytang Corporation, which further boosts whirlpool global demands for its brands, and readily the influence factor that can be harnessed to reaps the advantages from such a developments. Third in the instance is advancement in technology, process and operation that is emphasized towards innovations, standardization and most importantly international marketing strategy that focused on the bigger picture. To cite an example, substantial advancement, development and standardization in operations can primarily be reached through marketing internationally. Comparative management also can be harnessed to its advantages. To top it all focus on research and development in the backdrop of international marketing research also has a greater efficiency and effectiveness factor which is one of the many advantages and crucial for innovations and creativity to take roots. From assimilating the crucial aspects of marketing internationally, and concerning the case of whirlpool, there is reason enough that strategy can differs, however; the principle of marketing is same. In that essence, comparative management process can bring a load of factors to improve domestic market of whirlpool. Take for instance operational strategy. Another example is identifying and understanding cultural aspects, environmental factors and the likes to progress the firm in its home market. Add to it, innovations, marketing and sales procedures also in all circumstances can be taken as an emulated advantage so as to directly initiate in the domestic and home market for that performance factor for growth and progress. 3. What actions has Whirlpool management taken to ensure that the firm succeeds in local markets throughout the world? To what extent is the appliance business local/regional rather than global? As the case study relates and from comprehending the same we can drive home the point that various measure were initiated by Whirlpool management to boosts its local marketing throughout the world. To cite an example of the reflective actions, the case of acquisition, merger and brand advertisement that attends to local factors is one important measure undertaken by the management to ensure that the firm succeeds in local market. What is pertinent to note though is the fact that marketing process of whirlpool represents a top notch and in tune with the trends that is fast catching up in various local markets around the world. Though marketing strategy differs accordingly in tune with global market environment, however, the basic marketing principle is hugely in practices in all aspects. The tie ups, merger, acquisition, knowledge sharing, innovation in practices and operational methodology all in between sums up the strategy integrated by the management to ensure that operational processes of the firm in the right course and smooth functionality in all instance. Through its internationalization expansion mode, Whirlpool has harnessed the opportunities to its advantages in all circumstances. Moreover, local preference of the firm also reflects a cross-regional approach to reap the potentialities of R&D as far as marketing research in the local market though out the world is concerned. To top it all, though it’s marketing reach research, whirlpool have been effective enough to trace certain and specific influential element in its favor. Take for instance understanding behavior perception, expectation and attending to their satisfaction have been the bigger course measure undertaken by Whirlpool management in ensuring that local though out the world get a boosts and drive to perform in all aspects. But we can further argue that there is a certain degree in which Whirlpool appliances business and that which accord to it is somewhat localized or regionalized in a sense. Take for example the integrated measure undertaken by the firm marketing towards initiating sensitive measures and commitment to its consumers in a vast array of diverse cultural settings which translate into huge business returns that can be emphasized towards its appliances business which is local and regional in a sense, given that marketing internationally for whirlpool have been confined within designated market areas with unique marketing that have had a huge impact to whirlpool operational process internationally as well. 4. How can Whirlpool effectively compete with new rivals originating from low-cost countries, such as Haier from China? Should Whirlpool’s response differ in its home and foreign markets? If so, how? There is reason enough o ponder the fact and to relate that competitions and challenges always make a part of the whole process on internationalization. To top it all, by going international, stiff competitions from local manufacturer is further imploded in a sense. As the case relates to, competitions from rival manufacturer, especially from lost cost countries such as china have been the biggest challenges. In order for Whirlpool to do away with such challenges, it is recommended that its internationalization process should take stiff measures to reflect the firm core commitments towards its consumers in delivering value added products and services. After all, ‘consumers are king’ this phrase should be the basis to initiate innovations and any necessary strategy to encounter challenges. Thus there is every possible pointer and case to augment that Whirlpool response should be constant and that which attends to situational scenarios as and when it matters. In that essence, by differentiating products as per consumer preference, plus facilitating a standardization of Whirlpool global brand and harnessing its marketing mix tools to its advantage as and when the situations demands can have a long way to go and can be mirrored as a direct recourse to effectively compete from emerging rivals and competitors such as Haier from China, which is having its market presence in Whirlpool domestic market given its low cost appliances and hyperactive business process that taps every possible opportunities available.

How to Write a Persuasive Speech

How to Write a Persuasive Speech Here are some key points to consider when you need to know how to write a persuasive speech. First, RESEARCH – it is essential that you develop research with a critical eye, persuasion is rarely successfully when the information you gather is easily disproven by peer-reviewed sources or up-to-date results. Next, it is a contest – a persuasive speech has a primary objective – to prove that your viewpoint is the viewpoint that your audience should have – whether in defense of a new technology or in defense of some atrocity that you would not prefer to defend. You must persuade your audience into believing that your particular viewpoint is the right viewpoint. Most students will be challenged at some time during their academic career to write a persuasive speech for some subject that they do not particularly agree with –whether regarding the success of the Hitler regime, polluting the oceans, or even abortion; however, the goal is not to convince you that you should believe, the goal of the persuasive speech is to demonstrate the power of the spoken word and how to provide evidence in support of your particular assigned viewpoint. Nearly every subject ever to exist has two sides, and each side will be heard at some point or other. When you need to know how to write a persuasive speech, begin by reading argumentative articles from your school’s database on the topic. Next, while you are writing your persuasive speech try to consider what you would want to know to understand the topic well enough to pick sides – information is the key to persuasion. Provide the information, factually, from reliable sources that defend your points; however, have defenses against the opposite points handy as well.

Great Little Box Company Case Study Essay Essays

Great Little Box Company Case Study Essay Essays Great Little Box Company Case Study Essay Essay Great Little Box Company Case Study Essay Essay Problem Statement Idea Points – The company’s original informal. simple construction has moved on to an organic construction has now outgrown itself. How does GLBC implement a structural resurgence and still retain and absorb clients in a market that is no longer enduring an economic down bend. How can this new construction be used against the competition in a planetary market – How make we act upon and depute assorted degrees of Authority and Legitimate power to employees to farther organisational efficiency– How do we implement different constructs of power type to our current and future organisational design?– With the acquisition of new companies. interorganizational struggle will originate. Structural and personal factors lead to conflict in organisations. What cardinal factors can we work on to rise Emotional Intelligence? : Symptoms – We can see that the company started as a little construction. The power was in the custodies of Robert Meggie † taking orders to doing gross revenues calls to running one of the machines and transporting out the accomplished orders. †Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Expert Power has been implemented through the hiring of a late laid off sales representative from one of its largest companies ( provide transporting foremost ) . The member of the organisation â€Å"Upped our concern 80 per centum overnight†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and highlighted the importance of a strong gross revenues force – Finally Meggie required the accomplishments and expertness of another individual ( for gross revenues and selling ) Meggie was so responsible merely for disposal and production ( we can see a alteration into a somewhat more divisional construction. based on the services ) –* Administration* Production*Marketing*Sales – The Six types of OD constructions can fall under two comprehensive classs ( Mechanistic and Organic ) we can place GLBC as being closer to the organic side. ( No 1 company can be strictly be from one side or the other ) – We can see that size is increasing for the company ( Absorption of Parrot Label ( label capablenesss ) . Vanisle Packaging ( P supplier on Vancouver Island ) . and Action Box Company ( Lead supplier of protective packaging in BC ) . This besides forwards the Formalization and Specialization of the company. This in turns decentralizes decision-making. – The past economic downswing had the little. nimble company cut into an border in the market. However. the now turning enlargement has the demand for strategic leader ship that can ease entree to the company’s capablenesss and cognition. – We do non hold any type of standardisation information nowadays for this company. We have nil that points to designation of a standardisation of company direction. ( Rules. Policies. Documentation ) – As the company is go oning to turn. centralisation is besides turning. This is demonstrated by the monthly meetings that Meggie administers. The information shared is a vehicle of authorization for the people below him at the assorted locations. – Meggie besides meets with everyone twice a twelvemonth in groups. to supply â€Å"a province of the nation† ( Centralized Authority Structure )– It is possible to presume that as the complexness of the construction increases. so does the political component of the strategic determination processes- As the company grows Meggie may be faces with a job where he may hold to equilibrate efficiency orientation and the quality orientation of the organisation. Problem Analysis – Information Technology and communicating systems can take to interworking with the company. These companies are less hierarchal and more engaged into external networking.– This will discourage a hold in decision-making. and increase the quality of the determinations being made. The right information is run intoing with the right people. And no 1 is being overloaded with informations. – Organizing programs can be non as effectual in a changing construction. if the it is designed ill– GLBC at times may see impotence can due to bing staff being grouped with freshly acquired companies. and experience struggle. ( Changing OD Structure )– We must portion power between people to project authorization to the people? – Information Power is the entree and control to information that can be used by directors to set up power. We should utilize current engineerings to portion the proper information to the right people – A high degree of Vertical Differentiation must be in topographic point for the organisation to see turning in size ( planetary market ) .– Horizontal Differentiation must be at a degree where the demands of the clients are met by the specific Organizational Units ( domestic and foreign operations ) . Conflict can originate from the improper grouping of procedures. Mention to page 253 ( Technology ) – Formalization. specialisation. standardisation. and centralisation.– Must let the proper authorization to do cardinal determinations. but allow the parent house to let the ends of the organisation to be in cheque at the same clip. Page 253 ( Size ) – Structural Factors can take up to a cause of struggle in an organisation. We can place this through the specialisation of companies that have been absorbed by GLBC.– In a large box company. Mutuality will go prevailing. All the groups rely on each other to make the finished merchandise. It one subdivision where to neglect. it will be easy for one of the groups to fault another group. ( Negative Consequences ) – Functional Conflict – Can be used to advance new solutions to jobs and advance creativeness. Recommended Solutions – We want to take up to a semi – independent system. Where organisations can self-manage and controls themselves. o The negative effect in taking this path is the possibility if a subdivision of the company to lose path of the focal point of the company. o A subdivision might be given so much freedom that they can take to a immense economic loss in non in cheque O Can be positive due to authorization based determinations to be transferred wholly to another independent unit. therefore holding velocity and being unhampered by political relations. o Delegation of undertakings ( Semi-Autonomous ) will ever reply to the organisation but still be allowed to make its ain thing – Authority. Legitimate Power – Can be deployed to specific people with the usage of information engineering ( For an illustration. Microsoft Domain Networks with separate Organizational Units ) the proper people with have the proper cognition. ( The higher ups can be exposed to more but non really work with it. people lower in the hierarchy can see less but more action orientated with it. ( Goal puting mechanism ) ) o Very similar to authorization. Based on common understanding of the construction and the mark. We must do it seeable to all workers. who is where and what they can make. o The negative side is that. people can take to disregard people they do non esteem. And subsequently be swayed by referent power ( They persons personal appeals ) o It’s important to place the group’s chief beginning of important inspirations and deploy person who can run into the power demands. o A applied scientist is more likely to Expert Power and Reward Power more than the other power types. We can state this by their personality type ENTJ INTP ( Intuitive types ) . Possibly even if we have a batch of EN** we can happen a magnetic individual that can a batch of adept power J – If we can non demo a proper power construction to a altering organisation. we may happen people try to fall back to political power to derive power. For an illustration. character blackwashs. Peoples may get down to take front-runners or set down people that will non assist them accomplish their power ends. -People may seek to derive people under a personal docket book -Make themselves look socially better-Influence people without utilizing power ethically – To discourage this. once more legitimate power can be instilled– Vertical Differentiation– We have to hold solid direction with Authority. Progression up the company is clear and hierarchal. Communication flows vertically up and down– Disadvantages We have single containers for each subdivision of a geographical country that is in charge of it owns gross revenues. BUT Production is to stay consistent across all locations to hold the trade name merchandise remain the same. The several selling is left up to the location is therefore does non hold to reply to the higher ups CEO in the company. This will forestall information overloading with the OD. The ( Project Manager ) will hold the ability to work in two difference countries. As a regular undertakings director in the Marketing Dept and as a functional Production director. The right people to finish the undertakings will be pulled from the locations therefore taking to a administrations familiarity through the location. Besides this provides for a demand for accomplishment and association. Peoples will non experience like they are stuck in a certain country. In add-on. the ability to flex places would be present. Once they task is completed staff can be returned or combined with several constructions making a intercrossed entity.