Salem Witch Trials

Presentation â€Å"Salem Possessed† is a book composed by Paul S. Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum which centers around Salem Witch Trials. The journalists clarify that the issue started in the year 1691 and was set apart by the conduct of certain young ladies in a similar town who were associated with fortune telling. They were utilizing a temporary precious stone ball to prognosticate their future and were supported by a slave couple which had originated from Western India.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on Salem Witch Trials explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main preliminary started on February in the year 1692 after the capture of three ladies who were being blamed for black magic. The ladies were comprehensive of Sarah Osborn and Sarah Good who didn't consent to the charges and Tituba who deliberately consented to the charges and didn't argue guiltless. Around one hundred and eighty five individuals had been charged when th e preliminaries reached a conclusion of which one hundred and forty one were ladies while the rest were men. A similar report clarifies that out of the all out number of the denounced, there were fourteen ladies and five men. The individuals who confronted preliminary were fifty two ladies and seven men lastly, the individuals who were indicted were twenty six ladies and five men (Linder Para. 6). Since Salem was a strict network, the preliminaries arrived at and end following a lesson by Increase Marther. The evangelist was for shielding honest individuals from being mistreated. In light of that foundation, this paper will depict the Salem witch preliminaries and restricted down to ladies and property comparable to the equivalent. The Plot Summary The starting part has featured the primary concerns of Salem Witch Trials and it is similarly critical to examine the outline of exercises which were occurring to be in a situation to investigate a few subjects of the equivalent. The situ ation of Salem began when one of the congregation older folks by the name John Putman welcomed Samuel Paris to lecture in the town. Paris last consented to turn into the priest of the town after he was given a superior compensation which incorporated a superior pay, benefits just as allowances.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During that period, examines show that individuals were partitioned into two gatherings of individuals: the Porters and the Purtnams and all were going after political just as strict administration (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 124). Black magic allegations were blended by the affliction of a little youngster who was known as Betty Paris. The young lady was griping of agony and fever and in spite of the fact that there was a probability that the side effects were because of an illness or some condition like kid misuse, it was impractical by then to know the reason for the hopelessness. All things considered, a few people in the town presumed black magic to be the basic reason. Townspeople began to contemplate black magic when dear companions of the wiped out young lady began to encounter similar manifestations. The three young ladies who were encountering comparative side effects were known as Mary Walcott, Mary Lewis and Ann Putnam. Albeit a specialist was counseled to treat them, considers show that he analyzed the issue to have been brought about by an extraordinary reason (Murphy, Par. 3). Since the residents accepted that small kids were the fundamental objective of the witches, there was little reason to question the conclusions. Taking into account the way that Salem locals guessed that canines were utilized by witches to charm individuals, one lady proposed similar mutts to be utilized to confirm whether the casualties were really beguiled or not. To assert, this mutts were given a cake that was blended in with the pee of the person in question and on the off chance that the pooch and casualty showed comparable conduct, it was presumed that the casualty was really entranced. The quantity of the beguiled young ladies kept on expanding and it ended up being a matter of worry since townspeople got fixated on it. The preliminary started when the two young ladies; Betty and Abigail named the individuals whom they thought were liable for their wretchedness. By and by, the examination of the preliminary and allegations uncovered that the two young ladies drafted their allegation stories cooperatively. Different young ladies who were in like manner burdened kept up that they had seen witches flying during winter and were upheld by the group of Putnam which was unmistakable (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 126). As featured in the early on part, the principal gathering to be blamed was made for three ladies in particular Osborn, Good and Tituba. While Osborn was old and peevish, Good was a poor person who never had a pe rpetual residence and endure for the most part by asking for food and asylum from the villagers.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Salem Witch Trials explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two judges who were managing black magic cases were John Hathome just as Jonathan Corwoin. The young ladies and the residents elected to offer data concerning the blamed ladies. While the young ladies clarified that they endured extraordinarily within the sight of the denounced, locals kept up that their creatures vanished or were brought into the world with distortions once the charged visited their mixes. Unmistakably the appointed authorities accepted that the ladies were blameworthy particularly because of the inquiries which they posed to them, for example, regardless of whether they had either observed Satan or whether they accepted whether they were witches or not (Sutter, Para. 5). The preliminary would have taken another course were it not f or Tituba who admitted to the allegations. The lady clarified that she was once drawn closer by Satan who was a tall man from Boston and last was mentioned to be his worker and insist the equivalent by marking a book. The lady clarified that the tall man would either show up as a canine or even as a hoard. Despite the fact that she attempted to look for strict advice; the lady portrayed that she was kept from doing as such by the fiend. Most shockingly, Tituba clarified that she had around four witches who were serving Satan with her, Osborn and Good included. Subsequently, because of her admission, the priests began to search for additional witches and dominant part of the black magic doubter likewise got quiet (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 90). Some other ladies were blamed for black magic particularly after the young ladies announced that they were being assaulted by them. Little youngsters were likewise blamed for a similar underhandedness; as youthful as four years old. The crowd h ad no other explanation other than to accept particularly due the admission of the burdened young ladies who even admitted of being made moronic by similar witches. As time passed by, one charged by the name Deliverance Hobbs additionally admitted to black magic allegations. Because of the expanded black magic cases, Phips the representative by then settled another court to direct black magic preliminaries and selected five adjudicators for a similar reason. The preliminaries included close assessment of the denounced by the appointed authorities and even utilization of tattle, stories and gossip. The denounced were generally distraught as they were not permitted to bid or to have observers to affirm on their behalf.Advertising Searching for research paper on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The preliminaries kept on occurring considerably after the preliminary of Bridget Bishop who was the principal man to be attempted and hanged. It was hazardous for anybody to be against the allegations and such an individual likewise had a possibility of being defrauded. A portion of the individuals who admitted were permitted to live yet the majority of them were hanged, stoned and some passed on in jail (The Salem Witch Trials Par. 8). Further investigations show that the preliminaries reached a conclusion in the year 1693 and a portion of the denounced who were still jail were acquitted and permitted to proceed with their ordinary lives. Examination Women and Property Most researchers have been resolved to investigate the issue of Salem witch preliminaries and have thought of various ends. In the first place, a virtual investigation of the blamed witches demonstrates that the all out number of the denounced ladies were far considerably more than men. Above all, albeit a few couple s were charged, considers demonstrate that the vast majority of the ladies who were blamed were widows. It is likewise essential to take note of that little youngsters were additionally blamed for a similar wrongdoing (Sutter, Para 5). The basic investigation of the entire issue shows that there was a major distinction between the informers and the denounced. Investigations of Campbell (Para. 4) show that the greater part of the individuals who were charged were living in the south and they were wealthier than the informers since they had a lot of property. Also, the greater part of the blamed families were planned for picking up properties from the denounced once they were sentenced. Strict factors likewise became an integral factor since examines show that while a large portion of the blamed witches were in help for George Burroughs, the informers and their families were against him and really contributed incredibly in constraining the ex clergyman to leave their domain (Murphy, P ar. 3). Ends As much as men were blamed and indicted for black magic, ladies were the primary casualties. Lion's share of the ladies who were denounced and sentenced were matured forty years or more. As a rule, men who were blamed happened to be the family members for the ladies witches. The greater part of the individuals who were blamed were rich, generally rich or incredible. A basic examination of the issues in Salem shows that there were hidden causes to the difficult which might be comprehensive of financial factors just as sexual and doctrinal danger (Linder, Par. 8). This is the primary motivation behind why a large portion of the individuals who were blamed were affluent widows. They were seen as a danger to certain conventions including the exchange of property from the dads to the children. Likewise, ladies who never had male youngsters were additionally at a more serious danger of being charged d

B4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

B4 - Essay Example Ordinal and interim factors gather estimations. Interim information is really estimated on a constant scale (real amounts of some quality like tallness or age) while ordinal information is numerical type of grouping, where entire numbers are utilized to signify request yet the numbers themselves are not gauges however a type of characterization (GraphPad.com). Table 1: Variables Measured in the Survey Interval factors Ordinal factors Categorical factors Age class Gender Distance voyaged Distance classification Reason 1 Regularity of visits Reason 2 Satisfaction with: value Department Number of things Purchase Service Payment Quality Follow up Overall Store Contact The factors in the top column are emphasized to show that they are autonomous factors. In this overview, it was conjectured that segment factors, for example, age and sexual orientation (previous characteristics or ‘independent factors) may impact sentiments and conduct of respondents (subordinate factors). For people may vary out yonder they are set up to head out to a store. Portrayal of the Data Table 2 shows the quantity of ladies and men in the example and different proportions of their age profile. Table 2: Demographics of the Sample Gender All Women Men Number of individuals 582 373 (64%) 209 (26%) Mean age 42.6 42.8 42.3 Minimum age 17 Median age 42 Maximum age 75 74 The example contains 582 customers between the ages of 17 and 75, almost 66% of who are ladies and simply over third men. The age profiles of the people are fundamentally the same as. Examination of the separation went by respondents to the store where they were met uncovered a wide uniqueness. The modular separation (the most widely recognized length or excursion) was not exactly a mile, yet many had voyage a lot further, up to 53 miles. The middle separation voyaged was 5 miles and the mean just shy of 10. This shows a decidedly slanted circulation where it is hard to state what is the ‘typical’ separation mad e a trip to the company’s stores. Inferential Statistics Table 3 shows the outcomes for all customers, with people assembled independently. Isolating women’s and men’s reactions along these lines permits a fundamental evaluation of whether the free factor (for this situation sexual orientation) is affecting the needy variable (separation ventured out to the store). Table 3: Distance Traveled to the Store where Interviewed Distance voyaged Less than 1 mile 1-5 miles 5-10 miles 10-30 miles Over 30 miles Total Women 49 (13%) 149 (40%) 83(22%) 69 (19%) 23 (6%) 373 Men 23(11%) 74 (35%) 51 (24%) 52 (25%) 9 (4%) 209 Total 72 223 134 121 32 582 The message is blended: a higher extent of the ladies than of the men ventured to every part of the most limited separations, yet at the opposite finish of the scale ladies were likewise more probable than men to have ventured to every part of the longest separations. A potential methods for deciding if there is a distinction bet ween the separations people are set up to make a trip to the company’s shops is to analyze the mean crude separation (utilizing the real mileages as opposed to the classifications) went by respondents of every sex. The mean separation went by the female respondents was 9.54 miles contrasted and 10.26 miles by the men. The standard deviations of the two examples are comparative (11.1 and 10.6), so it is suitable to lead a ‘type 2’ test, however since the examples are autonomous and of various sizes we utilize a free t-test

Racism in the USA

1. Bigotry is a social issue dependent on segregating individuals of other races.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Racism in the USA explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More 2. Bigotry as the prejudicial and severe perspectives and practices against individuals having a place with various races can be considered as a social issue talked about all inclusive on the grounds that it relies upon the vision of race as a social development. Accordingly, prejudice is seen when individuals are isolated into classes due to their races and distinct racial (frequently physical) attributes, and the delegates of specific races are seen as substandard as a result of social racial generalizations. 3. Distinctive populace classifications can be influenced by bigotry everywhere throughout the world with references to the neighborhood dreams of either race as second rate. In the USA, such minorities as African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans are influ enced by bigotry as a result of their natural contrasts, for example skin shading, and in light of the created social generalizations and biases corresponding to the job of these individuals in the public eye. In this manner, three racial gatherings involving the ethnic minorities in the nation are influenced by bigotry essentially. As per 2000 US Census, in excess of 36 million African Americans (13% of the American populace), and 47 million Hispanics (15.4% of the American populace) live in the USA. Asian Americans present 4% of the American populace (2000 US Census, 2012). Accordingly, over 32% of the entire American populace experienced immediate or roundabout segregation and misuse in view of their race in 2000, and this number increments. For example, 61% of Latin Americans emphasizd the issue of prejudice in 2010, contrasting and 47% in 2002 (2000 US Census, 2012; Clarke Thomas, 2006). 4. African Americans and Latin Americans are influenced by the issues associated with bigot ry in numerous circles of their regular day to day existence. For example, disregarding the reality 58% of African Americans live in metropolitan territories and they are instructed, they experience the ill effects of racial segregation comparable to business and wages paid for their work (Tsuda, 2012). In spite of the fact that bigotry and racial segregation is legitimately precluded in the USA, there are numerous types of the aberrant separation created inside network (Tsuda, 2012). African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans are tested to be segregated in view of race during the regular collaborations at schools and work environments by the agents of the American ‘white’ majority.Advertising Looking for exposition on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The issues of creating generalizations concerning the minorities’ insight and job inside society, provocations, and misuses are in troduced in the American culture. The issue is in the way that various projects planned to lessen bigotry, (for example, Affirmative Action) are seen by the ‘white’ Americans as separating their privileges. 5. In the USA, the issue of prejudice is regularly talked about as identified with the time of bondage. The others focus on the way that the issue got not pressing during the 1960s, when Jim Crow laws were annulled (Takaki, 1993). In all actuality, prejudice is a trademark highlight of the cutting edge American culture which contrarily influences the delegates of such minority bunches as African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans. Direct racial separation is precluded in the nation where beyond what 32% of the entire American populace can't be talked about as ‘white’. By and by, the issues of circuitous social separation, reflecting in highlighting imbalances and racial generalizations, are much of the time saw inside the general public. In this way, prejudice as a social issue ought to be tended to in light of the fact that individuals ought not be separated into mediocre and prevalent gatherings in light of their natural characteristics and races as all people are brought into the world equivalent. References 2000 US Census. (2012). Web. Clarke, K., Thomas, D. (2006). Globalization and race: Transformations in the social creation of darkness. Durham: Duke University Press. Takaki, R. T. (1993). An alternate mirror: A background marked by multicultural America. Boston: Little, Brown Company. Tsuda, T. (2012). Movement and ethnic relations in the U. S. USA: University Readers.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Racism in the USA explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This exposition on Racism in the USA was composed and presented by client She-Hulk to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Facts, Fiction and Business Topics for Essay

Facts, Fiction and Business Topics for Essay In addition, you can write about the most suitable mindset and research needed to increase the capital for the business and to set this up. The majority of the company studies available now aim to incorporate a wide variety of subjects which are indispensable for the students to face real time challenges of the company world as soon as they are finished with the program. One of the largest regions to research is business ethics. Business is part of the society and primarily caters to the requirements of the society, however there are not very many small business practices that impact and influence the social development in an enormous way. For example, research requirements by the American Psychological Association may be a lot easier to find, and lots of healthcare students cite them inside their papers. Creativity and research ought to be taken into consideration when hiring writers. 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Modern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay - 2020 Words

There are a fair amount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. As this is the case it is only natural that many well-known people in all walks of life can be considered â€Å"modern Jews.† This distinction is very important because as more famous people practice a more modern Jewish culture and lifestyle, more of the younger generations of the world quickly follow suit. Not only is modern Judaism accommodating towards modern scholarship, science, culture and a general modernity of the world, it goes as far as even welcoming it. This is because modern Judaism takes a fairly inclusive stance towards all that modern society has to offer and provide. (Waxman, 1993) In modern Judaism, interaction with different culture and knowledge is encouraged, not for the sake of facilitating the Torah as it is in the traditional Judaism but for the sake of the person, as this outside knowledge is seen to be part of a larger truth. (Elias, 1960) With these general distinctions b etween traditional and modern Judaism, it is easy to find examples of people in popular culture who fit into the classification. One person who could be argued to be a good example of a modern Jew – someone who takes part in life outside of Jewish culture and welcomes with open arms modernity – is Woody Allen. As an 80 year old man, Allen has had to struggle with the shift from traditional to modern Judaism and create a mixture (or lack thereof) that works for him. As an individual tying his whole life toShow MoreRelatedModern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay2018 Words   |  9 Pages There is a fair amount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. As this is the case, it is only natural that many well-known people in all walks of life can be considered â€Å"modern Jews.† This distinction is very important because as more famous people practice a more modern Jewish culture and lifestyle, more of the younger generations of the world quickly follow suit. Not only is modern Judaism accommodating towards modern scholarship, science, culture and a general modernity of theRead MoreThe Reform Movement: From Classical Reform to the Present 1141 Words   |  5 Pages Reform Judaism started as a response to the Enlightenment that occurred in the late 17th and the early 18th century. The Jewish people needed to determine how to best combine new ideologies with their religious practices. The Jewish people suddenly had a new, non-Jewish world that they could be apart of. Some started to lose interest in religion. The Reform Judaism movement was created to adapt to these changes in society. The movement’s fundamental belief was that religious change is good (KaplanRead MoreThe Significance Of The Enlightenment And Modern Judaism1420 Words   |  6 PagesQns 2. Explain and critically evaluate the significance of the Enlightenment to the development of modern Judaism. The Enlightenment and Modern Judaism Sapere aude! The Rise of the Enlightened man. The Enlightenment also known as the Haskalah movement began in the 18th century. In his 1784 essay entitled: â€Å"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?†, Immanuel Kant (1959) described the Enlightenment as ‘‘man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man’s inability to make useRead MoreReligion Is The Sense Of Mystery For The Unknown And Adoration1381 Words   |  6 Pagesthe modern Branches of Judaism. What factors in your view account for the apparent inter-denominational harmony among the various groups? (Page 126) The Reform, Orthodox, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Humanistic are modern branches of Judaism that ...reconcile centuries-old-traditions with the new ways of thinking and living promoted by the European Enlightenment (Oxford, 126). The Reform branch of Judaism is the most liberal of all the others and the issues regarding traditional ritualsRead MoreThe Role of Judaism in Family Relationships: Article Analysis1235 Words   |  5 PagesKrieger, Aliza. The Role of Judaism in Family Relationships. Introduction: According to Aliza Krieger, author of the article titled The Role of Judaism in Family Relationships, because Judaism plays an important role in a Jewish persons identity, Judaism should be incorporated into family-based therapy. Judaism itself is more than just a persons religious beliefs, it is also part of a Jewish persons ethnicity and culture as well. And because Judaism plays an important role in familyRead MoreJudaism : The Religious Life Of Israel1590 Words   |  7 Pages Judaism, while there are many, is one of the oldest surviving religions in the world. Judaism is a way of describing an approach to serving God. It is the term used to describe the religious life of Israel. Judaism is a way of life that has been observed by the Jewish people for almost 3,300 years, starting when the ancestral Father of Israel, Abraham was chosen by God. Jews deem themselves as descendants of Abraham and Sarah, Rachel and Jacob and Leah, Zilpah and Bilhah, and Isaac and Rebekah.Read MoreWhat is homosexuality? Homosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior900 Words   |  4 Pagesrights. What is Judaism? Judaism is the religion, philosophy, and the way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is a monotheistic religion. It is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God established with the children of Israel. Traditional Judaism views homosexual acts as wrong, but more liberal branches of Judaism (Conservati ve, Reform, and Reconstructionist) are more supportive of homosexuality. Many Traditional, or Orthodox, Judaism reject civil andRead MoreMoses Mendelssohn s Thoughts On Judaism907 Words   |  4 Pagesthoughts on Judaism, mainly laid out in Jerusalem, Or on Religious Authority and Judaism, were meant to show non-Jews that Judaism was already compatible with enlightenment ideas as is. He had no thoughts on changing how Jews practiced Judaism in any way. Mendelssohn himself remained an observant Jew and felt he could do so while still studying and contributing to secular subjects. However, early reformers believed that the practice of Judaism needed to be changed for Jews to fit into modern times. Read MoreThree Main Religions in the Middle East 897 Words   |  4 PagesMany have heard the term â€Å"the three major religions†, but how many know what is meant by this? The three major religions are referring to the religions in the Middle East countries, such as Iran, Iraq, etc. The religions are Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. With the close proximity of these countries, but the differing views on things, mainly religion, creates some conflicts and hostility. In America, people are allowed to worship who they want, and believe in what they choose. When someone says theyRead MoreJudaism : The Oldest Monotheistic Religion1002 Words   |  5 PagesJudaism is the oldest monotheistic religion, a religion that includes many rules and guidelines that guide the Jewish adherent to keep the right relationship with God and the right relationship with family and neighbours as well. The Torah refers to the first five books of the Jewish scriptures, or the Pentateuch. It is the s acred Jewish book of commandments given to Moses from God at the top of Mount Sinai, which contains all of the 613 mitzva that guide Jewish adherents to be faithful to the covenant

Putting a Price on Carbon is Best Solution for Change Climate

Question: Discuss about the Putting a Price on Carbon is Best Solution for Change Climate. Answer: Introduction The industrial revolution and modernisation of society have created problems related to the carbon footprint. Precisely, the quantity of carbon dioxide discharged into the environment due to several activities of modern community, enterprises, and individual persons can be defined as carbon footprint which is the main reason behind global warming. A number of direct as well as indirect activities of mankind have contributed towards emission of greenhouse gases. In order to reduce the increasing amount of greenhouse gases, a carbon tax policy at the global level can be evident. Meanwhile, such universal stance may face a number of challenges but the decision can mitigate the adverse impact of a carbon footprint on climate change (Brannlund Persson, 2012). Scientific studies have been conducted by the modern environmental researchers to identify how putting a price on carbon can become the best solution to negate the negative effects of climate change. Different point of views/arguments In terms of benefits of carbon taxing, recent studies have been conducted to determine the level of impact of the decision. Invariably, there are certain challenges and issues such as economic issues as well as environmental issues associated with the decision. It is often stated that modern organisations should come forward and take the responsibility to reduce the surging level of carbon footprint. On the other hand, many of the environmental researchers have blamed the Government of the developed as well as emerging economies for the increase in carbon footprint (Fischer Fox, 2012). Key Issues In order to limit the expanding nature of carbon footprint, certain decisions must be taken into account to secure the long-term health of the environment. Significant research and analysis must be done to determine the best way that can cut down the increasing level of carbon footprint. Thesis Statement However, although industrialisation has become mandatory for both the developed as well as emerging economies, a carbon taxing policy must be considered as the best possible solution to mitigate the adverse effects of carbon footprints on environment leading towards climate change Economists have predicted that by putting a carbon tax, a comparatively higher monetary burden will be imposed on the middle-income as well as low-income people. Furthermore, putting a price on carbon may eventually lead towards a decline in the short run GDP and higher prices of essential commodities and services. Invariably, cap and trade system must be utilised by the government to trade emissions payments under an overall trade of carbon emission. Argument One of the primary targets of putting a price on carbon is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. According to Crowley (2013), pricing will evidently increase the cost-competitiveness of substitute resources of power. In order to cut down the fees of production in different industries, modern organisations, as well as community-based individuals, will attempt to use significantly less power that has been drawn from fossil fuels. Christoff (2013) has evaluated that carbon tax will be encouraging as modern businesses will install the latest machinery and cooling system reducing the energy consumption level. In the meanwhile, Cap-and-trade system has an overall advantage over a carbon tax as the policy delivers certainty of substantial emission reduction. The Government of Australia predicts that current carbon tax policy will reduce the household electricity bills by 9 percent whereas the average gas bills will be down by 7 percent (Minchin Hopkin, 2014). Evidently, the reduction of energy consumption will directly affect the existing scenario of global climate change. Counter-argument Lo (2013) has compared the competitive climate policies at the global standards with the Australian standards to figure out how the carbon tax system can contribute towards encouraging the alternative energy resources restricting the conventional energy production. According to the author, the carbon tax will replace the power generated by consuming fossil fuels. Although such activities can create a negative impact on the mining sector, the long-term benefits of the environment can be achieved. Arguably, Cap-and-trade system can be identified as an environment policy tools but the system affect the economy. According to the research conducted, before imposing the carbon tax policy in Australia, the annual emission of carbon dioxide was registered about 559 million tons in 2011-2012. Incredibly, in 2013-2014, the annual emission of carbon dioxide was calculated as totalled 548 million tons (Nurdianto Resosudarmo, 2016). Refutation However, Fischer Fox (2012) have entirely different views on the decision of carbon taxation. According to the researchers, putting a price on carbon may shift the entire production and manufacturing industry to the economies where carbon taxes are lower or negligible. Thus, the GDP of the country can be affected in short run. Understandably, Cap-and-trade system provides economic incentives that influence the industries to reduce carbon emission. Thus, emission trading will be evident to meet the policy targets. According to the economists, imposing a carbon tax of $23 a tonne of carbon can reduce the short run GDP in Australia by 0.68 percent (Fischer Fox, 2012). On the other hand, administrating the carbon tax may turn into significantly expensive putting an excessive financial burden on the citizens of an economy. Ultimately, the decline in GDP may adversely affect the employment situation as well. The carbon pricing strategy has been implemented by the Australian Government on several companies that emits carbon during the process of production. The Australian Carbon Tax Policy does not apply to all fossil fuel usage in the nation that has a negative impact on the environment. Hence, the carbon tax policy introduced in the year 2012 was not effective enough to reduce the total green house gas emission in the nation. For example, the Investor Group on Climate Change found that carbon emissions from companies reduced by around 7 percent after the introduction of the carbon tax, but the greenhouse gas emission increased in the case of stationery energy and transportation sector by around 4 percent during the first six months of the new policy (Goulder, 2015). Argument By considering the fact that electricity and transportation is a highly demanding sector that cannot substitute the use of fossil fuels with the current availability of technology, carbon emissions in these sectors cannot be reduced. Hence, the use of carbon tax policy is not an effective way of controlling greenhouse gas emission in these sectors (Meng, Siriwardana McNeill, 2015). It can be seen through the statistical report of the Environment and Energy Ministry of Australia, the greenhouse gas emissions in Electricity and Transportation sector have increased by around 4 percent within the next six months after the introduction of Carbon Tax Policy in the year 2012 (Goulder, 2015). The primary reason for this increase in the greenhouse emission is the increasing demand for energy and reducing prices of fossil fuels like coal and oil. Hence, carbon tax policy fails to control environmental safety due to the lack of substitutable and cheaper energy sources. Counter-argument According to Anderson (2016), the topic of Carbon Tax policy became a major debate for the political leaders in Australia. It can be found through study that Carbon Pricing is not the ultimate way of reducing greenhouse emission in the nation. The statistical figures of the Department of Climate Change and Renewable Energy showed that after the introduction of the Carbon Tax, emissions in the major sectors such as electricity have only reduced by around 9 percent and coal generation have reduced by around 6 percent after one year, which is quite negligible as compared to the targeted objectives (Rozenberg, Hallegatte, Perrissin-Fabert Hourcade, 2013). The primary reason for the poor result of the carbon tax policy is the high demand in the market for electricity produced through coal and natural gas. Refutation Irrespective of the problems evident after the introduction of the Carbon Pricing policy, the strategy has helped the Australian Government to reduce greenhouse emission in the economy by a certain level. According to Kaufman, Obeiter Krause (2016), the carbon emission in the developed nations has reduced by around 28 percent in the last fifteen years saving the environment and life of the people. Moreover, it is expected that the Carbon Pricing Strategy will reduce the GHG emission by around 80 percent in the United States and the United Kingdom by the end of 2050. On the other hand, Anderson (2016) said that the Australian Government has been using an incentive scheme in place of carbon pricing to reduce GHG emission, which is much effective as compared to the strategy of only pricing carbon. Under this scheme, the companies meeting the target of reduced carbon emission are to be monetarily rewarded for their achievements (Snyder, 2014). But, the new strategy of the government is also not effective enough to meet the Australias Kyoto Protocol Target. A figure has been presented herein below for better understanding: Therefore, there is a need of mixed policy that will include both carbon tax and incentive schemes to promote the use of green energy and reduce carbon emissions to save the changing climate (Van Rensburg Head, 2017). Conclusion: Summary On the basis of the above discussion, it can be seen that pricing on carbon has certain negative impacts over the economy. Carbon tax exerts pressure over the leading businesses that depends on fossils fuels for their production process. Additionally, the carbon tax policy on alone is not enough to meet the Kyoto protocol targets of GHG emissions. Furthermore, it is not possible for the government of Australia and other major nations to control the demand of fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy sources due to falling price and increasing demand. 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